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1. Introduction to Psychology.Hilgard, Atkinson, and Atkinson. Seven Edition. Mills College. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1978.
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Unit 1. SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
| Scientific psychology | () |
| Practical psychology | |
| Socialpsychological service | |
| Passport of the specialty | |
| Ethical code of a psychologist | |
| Psyche | / |
| Consciousness | |
| Personality | |
| Mental activity | () |
| Treatment | / |
| Earlier developments in philosophy | |
| Behaviourism | |
| Psychoanalysis | |
| Humanistic school | |
| Gestalt psychology | |
| Diverse field | () |
| Psychological research laboratory | |
| Techniques to measure intelligence | |
| Competing schools of thought | () |
| Close collaboration with | ҳ |
| General psychology | |
| Educational psychology | |
| Social psychology | |
| Industrial psychology | () |
| Abnormal psychology | |
| Cognitive psychology | |
| Applied psychology | |
| Developmental psychology | |
| Experimental psychology | |
| Consumer psychology |
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior. Psychologists observe and record how people and other animals relate to one another and to the environment. They look for patterns, that will help them understand and predict behavior, and they use scientific methods to test their ideas. Through such studies psychologists have learned much can help people fulfill their potential as human beings and increase understanding between individuals, groups, nations, and cultures.
Psychology is also related to use the social sciences of anthropology and sociology, which deal with people in society. Like anthropologists and sociologists, psychologists investigate the attitudes and relationships of human beings in social settings. These three academic disciplines often study the same kinds of problems from different perspectives. Psychologists concentrate on individual behavior. They are especially interested in the beliefs and feelings that influence a persons actions. In addition, psychology is similar to a medical field called psychiatry. Most psychologists have a degree in psychology and may or may not specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists, on the other hand, usually have a medical degree and devote themselves to treating mental disorders.
Psychology is a science about the nature laws of occurrence, development and display of psyche and consciousness of the person. The term "psychology" occurs from two Greek words: psyche - "soul" and logos - "science". Thus there are two major aspects of psychology: 1) Behaviour is any observable activity. Example - during a lecture, an instructor speaks to the class --- You (and all the other excellent students) pay attention. How does the instructor know that you are paying attention during a lecture? The instructor observes your behavior - your eyes are open and directed toward the instructor, you look alert, sitting upright, not sleeping, etc. These observable behaviours are indications that you are paying attention to the instructor. Here are a couple of questions for you to think about (the answers will come later as you become versed in Psychology): Is your behaviour predictable? Why do students come into a classroom, sit down, and face the front of the room? What is it that causes behaviour - personality (they sit and are quiet because they are good people) or environmental forces (they sit and are quiet because it is a class room and that is how you behave in a classroom)? 2 ) Cognition is any mental process. Example - As an instructor speaks his/her mind is doing many things very quickly...what should be said next, how should it be said, what order to say it in, etc. As you listen to the instructor, the information is carried to your brain which then decides to process that information, store it, label it, OR that it is unimportant and gets rid of it. All of these are cognitive processes. Formation of psyche of the person is connected to peculiarities of his communication and activity in the certain society. Different kinds of activity for their efficiency demand the specialized displays of consciousness of the person. It has resulted in expansion of problems of psychology and occurrence of its new branches.General psychology studies the content, features and the common natural laws of psyche functioning and human consciousness, psychological processes, properties and states of the person. Social psychology investigates the psychological phenomena and the processes caused by a belonging of the person to concrete social groups. Age psychology studies an originality of psyche of people of different age, process of formation of their personality and intellectual development, age features of processes of perception, thinking, memory, interests, motives of activity.Pedagogical psychology is engaged in research of psychological features and laws of training processes. Objectives of pedagogical psychology are: to research the processes of mastering of knowledge and formation of skills in connection with requirements of training and to substantiate methods and ways of training, the psychological problems connected to polytechnic training and preparation of pupils to practical activities from psychological point of view.Psychology of work investigates psychological features of labor activity with the purpose of rationalization of work processes and improvement of industrial training. Engineering psychology sets as the purpose resolution of problems of a ratio of modern machines technical requirements and mental opportunities of the person - speed and accuracy of processes of perception, volume and distribution of attention.Space and aviation psychology includes in a circle of the problems studying of psyche processes features occurring in an organism of the person in conditions of flights, including influences of the big physical overloads on his psyche, unusual conditions of environment, a condition of weightlessness. Besides this branch of psychology finds out features of efficiency during flight, in particular the necessity to operate in conditions of extreme lack of time.Legal psychology investigates psychology of offenders and criminals, and also the questions connected to judiciary practice. Military psychology studies psychology of the soldier personality, psychology of military collective-body and psychological features of their professional work in its different forms and kinds. Medical psychology is engaged in research of infringements and frustration of psyche activity at various diseases, promoting development of rational methods of their treatment.
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