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Unit 5. Personality psychology




VOCABULARY SECTION

coherent [kouhiərnt] ;
similarity [similæriti] ;
to possess [pɔzes] ;
cognition [kɔgniʃn] ;
ancient [einʃnt] ;
plot device   ;
to disguise [disgaiz] ;
convention [kənvenʃn] ;
pattern   ;
adjustment [əʤʌstmənt] ;
expectations [ekspekteiʃnz] ;
values [væljuz] ;
nomothetic [nɔmɔθetik] ;
ideographic [adiɔgræfik] ;
to seek [si:k] ;
trait [treit] ;
attempt [ɔtæmpt] ;
abundance [əbʌndəns]

 

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation between individuals. Its areas of focus include:

Construction of a coherent picture of the individual and his or her major psychological processes.

Investigation of individual psychological differences.

Investigation of human nature and psychological similarities between individuals.

"Personality" is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. The word "personality" originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. In the theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but instead was a convention employed to represent or typify that character.

Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. There is still no universal consensus on the definition of "personality" in psychology. Gordon Allport (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the ideographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization or the trait of extraversion. Ideographic psychology is an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual.

The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology.

Task 1. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text:

㳿, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .

Task 2. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

Variation between individuals; areas of focus; coherent picture; investigation of psychological differences; human picture; similarities; set of characteristics; uniquely; originate; means mask; ancient; plot device; to disguise; the identity; instead; convention; employed; typify; pattern; adjustment; consistently; exhibited; definition; to seek; apply; trait; attempt; broad and varied history; explicitly; dimensional models; emphasis.

Task 3. Find in the text the sentences that explain the following:

1. What personality is and how we define it.

2. The origin of the word personality.

3. The pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments and behaviors

that personality refer to.

4. How G. Allport described two major ways to study personality.

5. The research in this area.

Task 4. Find in the text the sentences that prove the following statements:

There is still no universal definition of personality in psychology.

The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions.

Research in this area is empirically driven...

Task 5. Answer the questions:

1. What was the role of a mask in the theatre of the ancient

Latin-speaking world?

2. Who describe two major ways in the studies of personality?

3. What does nomothetic psychology seek?

4. What does ideographic psychology try to understand?

5. Is there a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality

testing?

6. What subject is in the centre of personality psychology study?

7. Which factors influence the development of personality?

Task 6. Decide whether the following sentences are true or false:

1. Personality psychology studies personality and its variation between

individuals.

2. Personality doesnt possess an organized set of characteristics.

3. The word personality originates from the Greek word persona.

4. The mask was used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a

character.

5. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social

adjustments and behaviors.

6. It cant predict human reactions to other people.

7. There is a universal consensus on the definition of personality in

psychology.

8. Gordon Allport described three major ways to study personality.

9. The study of personality has a broad and varied history.

10. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality

testing.

Task 7. Translate the following sentences from English into Ukrainian:

1. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes.

2. There is still no universal consensus on the definition of "personality" in psychology.

3. The idea of the harmonious development of man was sounded and further developed in the writing of teachers humanists of the Renaissance.

4. Nowadays the idea of all-rounded development of the individual as the ultimate goal education has been recognized by the entire world.

1. As an experienced specialist of Psychological College you are to train the newcomers. This time you are to introduce them the report about the scientific methods and strategies of psychological research.

2. To become a member of Psychological Society you are to present a report on free theme. You have chosen "The Historical Background of Psychology". Introduce your paper.

3. You are holding the scientific debate with your colleague about the importance of thinking and feeling. He argues for the point of view that feeling is more important for people than thinking. Give arguments in favour of thinking.

4. Your friend usually uses crying, worrying and whining as the strategy for any problem solving. Explain to her that there are a number of much more effective ways to overcome difficulties. Speak about these strategies emphasizing their advantages.

5. You are at the international conference. Make up the conversation with one of participants of the conference during the break (introduce yourself, exchange business cards, ask about his country, work and experience, the theme of his speech, the aim of his research, the sources and methods he uses, etc.)

6. Your spouse is sure that it is parents' duty to tell their children what to do in order to teach them thinking. Make an objection to this example of inadequate ways of thinking. Prove your point of view.

7. You are to write a paper on the theme: "Major Personality Characteristics". Introduce the summary to your scientific advisor.

8. You've just come back from London where you were lucky to visit the Freud's museum. Tell your colleagues about Sigmund Freud as the founder of the theory of Psychoanalysis and the method of free association.

9. Your friend is sure that our mood and emotional state depend on the weather and horoscope forecast. You are not inclined to believe in astrology. Prove your point of view.

10. You have just come from England where you had been learning Psychology for three weeks. Tell your colleagues about famous psychologists.

11. You are with a group of married friends. Two of them are having an affair. Tell them about the family as backbone of society.

12. As an experienced specialist of Psychological College you are to train the newcomers. One of the most important theoretical knowledge is considered to be main theories and approaches in psychology. This time you should give the lecture about the essentials of Humanistic Psychology.

13. You are arguing with a friend of yours about the problem of group influence toward individual. Your opponent considers the influence degree is negligible. Prove the opposite statement (you can use Asch's experiments' conclusions).

14. You are at the student seminar. Present your ideas and say what scope of Psychology is, describe the branches of Psychology.

15. You are to prepare a report to the conference. The theme of the report is "Roles of a Legal Psychologists". Say about their training, education and functions.

16. You are to have a training course as psychologist before graduating. To be prepared better you've learned a lot about Industrial Psychology. Give a summary of the theme.

17. You are asked to make a psychological analysis in the company to solve some interpersonal problems there. It was necessary for you to fresh the material about social interaction and influence.

18. To become a member of Psychological Society you are to present a report on free theme. You have chosen "The Historical Background of Psychology". Introduce your paper.

19. You are to have a training course as psychologist before graduating. To be prepared better you've learned a lot about Pedagogical Psychology. Give a summary of the theme.

20. You are to prepare a report to the conference. The theme of the report is "Theories of Personality". Introduce the summary for your adviser.


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