1. The Belarussian people have not exhausted their spiritual, moral and intellectual potential. They demonstrate their best qualities: wisdom, spiritual soundness, hard will and reason..
2. Belarus is now performing three most difficult transitions: from dictatorship to democracy, from a planned economy to a socially oriented economy, from a satellite state to a sovereign state.
3. Reforming industrial enterprises and their re-orientation to increasing production efficiency and production competitiveness is one of the main tasks of today.
4. We cannot do today without new foreign technologies and direct investments, the solution of our problems may take many years.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Ex. 11. Translate into Russian. (The Participle II)
1. Put simply, a business process is the set of activities performed to serve a customer.
2. The information obtained is very valuable.
3. The house restored by the Johnsons is quite unusual.
4. Taxes placed on goods and services are known as indirect taxes as opposed to direct taxes
which are placed on income and wealth.
5. The quantity of labour derived from a given stock of population depends upon several factors.
Ex. 12. Complete the following sentences with one of the prepositions.
of in to from
1. A factory plans to sell 10,000 units ______ its product ______ the coming year.
2. It can be seen _______ Table 14-2 that 20 per cent _______ sales, for example, is equivalent
______ 25 per cent of cost.
3. Most _____ the industrialized and less developed countries have experienced rapid rises ____
prices ______ their economies.
4. _____ real life, perfect knowledge about the prices _______ goods and resources is by no
means a free good.
UNIT 10 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
Text 1
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE
VOCABULARY
embraces - охватывает
has been gaining increasing significance – приобретает всевозрастающее значение
flow of funds – приток капитала (денежных средств)
makes everyone better off – делает каждого состоятельным
interlinked global economy – взаимосвязанная мировая экономика
impose restrictions – вводить ограничения
customs duties – таможенные пошлины
specific tariffs -специфические тарифы (пошлины)
a tax per unit of the commodity – пошлина (налог) на единицу товара
ad valorem – пошлины “ад валорем”, т.е. с объявленной цены
regulations – нормы, инструкции
artificial – искусственный
retaliated – ответили тем же
The study of economics would be incomplete without an understanding of the nation’s role in the world economy. The study of the world economy is known as “international economics”. International economics embraces two broad areas of interest: international trade and international finance. World trade has been gaining increasing significance among nations. Why do nations trade? The answer is that nations have different quantities and qualities of economic resources and different ways of combining them. As a result, each country can produce certain goods more efficiently, or at relatively lower costs, than others.
When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate, or to pay for Kuwaiti oil, or a vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international borders. Although global trade is often conducted in U.S. dollars, the trading itself involves various currencies. Japanese TV set is paid for in euros in Berlin or Rome, and German or Italian cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone better off.
In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.
Despite the fact that trade is of great importance for each nation, all countries impose restrictions of one form or another to protect some of their domestic industries. The restrictions may be of several types: tariffs, import quotas, nontariff barriers. Tariffs are customs duties or taxes imposed by a government on the importation of a good. Tariffs may be specific, in the form of a tax per unit of the commodity, or ad valorem, based on the value of the commodity. Import quotas are laws that limit the number of units of a commodity that may be imported during a specified period. Nontariff barriers are any laws or regulations, other that tariffs, that nations impose in order to restrict imports. For instance, to “protect the health and safety” of their citizens, many countries establish higher standards of quality for various kinds of imported goods than for similar goods produced domestically.
Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect.
WORD STUDY
