Tense-form.
1. Inflation ____________________ (increase) steadily this year.
2. Unemployment ____________(peak) last year and since then _________(go) down.
3. As the international debt crises _______________(grow), the world economy ___________
(become) more unstable.
4. The IMF ________________ (carry) out a study last year. In this study they _____________
(project) a decline in GNP in most countries.
5. The world economy ______________(seem) to be going into decline.
6. The state of international trade ______________ (remain) a worry. Projections for the rest of
the nineties ______________ (bring) very little hope.
7. We _____________________(study) the effect of the fall in the dollars value at the moment.
Ex. 17. Translate into Russian. (The Infinitive)
1. The purpose of each business process is to offer each customer the right product or service.
2. Efforts to increase the productive capacity of the poorer nations will only be effective if these
nations are able to increase their export.
3. To enter this market requires a lit of hard work.
4. The advanced countries provide technical experts to advise and assist the developing countries
in their efforts to achieve growth.
5. One of the fundamental decisions to be taken by entrepreneurs concern the geographical
location of their enterprise.
6. The employees agreed to accept the terms of the pay deal.
7. At the last moment they decided not to continue with negotiations.
8. It is impossible for us to accept these terms.
9. There are two ways to increase production: one is to use an economys resources to the fullest;
the other is to increase its ability to produce with its available resources.
10. The engineers must test the system to be used.
MANAGEMENT
_____________
If the leader is good, the followers will be good.
UNIT 1 WHAT IS MANAGEMENT
DISCUSSION
What is management? Is it an art or a science? An instinct or a set of skills and techniques that
can be taught?
Text 1
ART OR SCIENCE?
VOCABULARY
ever-more- complex environment
to achieve certain goals
encompasses
in designing and constructing
draw on () -;
behavioral sciences
in handling people
subjective judgment
skill ,
stagnancy ,
inability to pass on learning
business executive
forecasting
commanding
co-ordinating ,
in charge of running a business ;
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Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into large factories, management has become required. Only during the last hundred years, however, industrial management has grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new institution in human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of business and of national economies.
Management is the art and science of making appropriate choices. To one degree or another, we are all involved in managing and are constantly making decisions concerning how to spend or use our resources.
Like most things in our modern, changing world, the function of management is becoming more complex. Modern management must posses the ability to interact in an ever-more- complex environment and to make decisions that will allocate scarce recourse effectively. A major part of the managers job is to predict what the environment needs and what changes will occur in the future.
Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to achieve certain goals. Management is the process by which these human efforts are combined with each other and with material resources. Management encompasses both science and art. In designing and constructing plansand products, management must draw on technology and physical science, of course, and, the behavioral sciences also can contribute to management. However, much you hear about scientific management or management science, in handling people and managing organizations it is necessary to draw on intuition and subjective judgment. The science portion of management is expanding, more and more decisions can be analyzed and programmed, particularly, with mathematics. But although the artistic side of management may be declining in its proportion of the whole process it will remain central portion of your future jobs. In short:
- Knowledge (science) without skill (art) is useless, or dangerous;
- Skill (art) without knowledge (science) means stagnancy and inability to pass on learning.
Like the physician, the manager is a practitioner. As the doctor draws on basic sciences of chemistry, biology, and psychology, the business executive draws on the science of mathematics, psychology and sociology.
As a process management involves forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, co-ordinating and controlling. On the other hand, management is a group of people in charge of running a business.
WORD STUDY
