2,10 | V | 1,45 | Tc | 1,36 | |
Li | 0,97 | Cr | 1,56 | Ru | 1,42 |
Be | 1,47 | Mn | 1,60 | Rh | 1,45 |
B | 2,01 | Fe | 1,64 | Pd | 1,35 |
C | 2,50 | Co | 1,70 | Ag | 1,42 |
N | 3,07 | Ni | 1,75 | Cd | 1,46 |
O | 3,50 | Cu | 1,75 | In | 1,49 |
F | 4,00 | Zn | 1,66 | Sn | 1,72 |
Na | 1,01 | Ga | 1,82 | Sb | 1,82 |
Mg | 1,23 | Ge | 2,02 | Te | 2,01 |
Al | 1,47 | As | 2,20 | I | 2,21 |
Si | 1,74 | Se | 2,48 | Cs | 0,86 |
P | 2,10 | Br | 2,74 | Ba | 0,97 |
S | 2,60 | Rb | 0,89 | Hf | 1,33 |
Cl | 2,83 | Sr | 0,99 | Ta | 1,33 |
K | 0,91 | Y | 1,11 | W | 1,40 |
Ca | 1,04 | Zr | 1,23 | Pb | 1,55 |
Sc | 1,20 | Nb | 1,23 | Bi | 1,67 |
Ti | 1,32 | Mo | 1,30 | Po | 1,76 |
s - p - . s - p - d - f - . s - p - , d - f - , , .
. . () () . s - p -, d -, f - III () . () 4 f - 6 5 f - 7 .
-, , , n .
1. , , .
Z = 39, 39. , . Z = 39, = 89, (14)
N = 89 39 = 50.
:1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 24 d 1
: Y; Z = 39; N = 50.
2. 2-
n l ml ms
1 4 0 0 + 1/2
2 4 0 0 - 1/2
3 4 1 -1 + 1/2
4 4 1 0 + 1/2
.
2: 4 s 24 p 2. :4 s 2. :1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 64 s 2. (2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 + 2) = 20, 20 a.
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3. 23. . ? - . +2?
23 V.
23V: 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 3
4 s 3 d . :
n l ml ms
1 4 0 0 + 1/2
2 4 0 0 - 1/2
3 3 2 -2 + 1/2
4 3 2 -1 + 1/2
5 3 2 0 + 1/2
d , d -.
- V:
4 s 3 d
V2+. 4 s , V2+ :
23V2+: 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 03 d 3
4 s V2+ 3 () 3 d - .
4. .
14 . :
14Si: 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 2.
- -:
3 s 3 p 3 d
Si = 2, , 3 -.
3 s - 3 p :
Si + E Si*: 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 13 p 3.
- -:
3 s 3 p 3 d
Si = 4, 4 . , .
5. , , K Cu Rb. ?
, K Cu , .
, , , K Rb , .
, . F : Rb K Cu. , .
6. : ) 2 s 22 p 3 2 s 22 p 4; ) 3 s 2 2 s 22 p 2. .
) 2 s 22 p 3 2 s 22 p 4 , (n = 2). , ( ). . , I (2 s 22 p 3) > I (2 s 22 p 4), 2 s 22 p 3 p -, ;
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) 3 s 2 2 s 22 p 2 , . 2 s 2, ( 2), .
I (2 s 2) > I (3 s 2), , I (2 s 22 p 2) > I (2 s 2), . , I (2 s 22 p 2) > I (2 s 2) > I (3 s 2) I (2 s 22 p 2) > I (3 s 2).
7. 33. .. ? .
As .
33As: 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 63 d 104 s 24 p 3
(n = 4, N -), V() ( 5 4 s 24 p 3, ). As p -.
.. = +5, . . . .. = 3, . . (4 s 24 p 6) . : , .
8. , , ?
VI . p - , d- , .
(4 s 24 p 4), (.3 d 54 s 1). , , .