.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


, ( ) .




, - . , . . , () , .

(. (133.10)), I = j d S S, L.

(138.4)

(138.4) , .

139.

, , , .

:

1. (. 137) ( Q), ( B), = Q + B. Q (. (137.3)), B (137.2),

, , .

2. (. (138.4)):

, ( ), .

3. D (. (89.3)):

(139.1)

r, (139.1)

4. (. (120.3)):

, :

, , ( ):

e 0 m 0 , e m , g .

, , , ( ), . . , , .

(E= const B= const )

.. , . , .

( ):

, . , , .

, . , , . . (. 90, 134):

( , , ).

. , . , , , . . .

, , , , . (. 138), , . , ( ) = 3×108 /. , . . (18571894), , . , .

, .

, , , . . . : , , , D, .

, . Ta, , , , , , , . , , , , .

, , , , , .

 

4

18

140.

, . , , . . , . , , . . . , . . (18421919), . . , - . . (18661912). . . (18791944) .

( ), (, ). , (). : 1) , , , ; 2) (, ) . s

(140.1)

, , w 0 () , j t= 0, (w 0 t + j) t. . +1 1, s + .

, , , , 2 p, . .

(140.2)

, ,

(140.3)

. . , , . (140.2) (140.3),

(): 1 , 1 .

s:

(140.4)

(140.5)

. . . (140.4) (140.5) w 0 w . (140.4) (140.1) p/ 2, (140.5) (140.1) p. , , s= 0, d s/ d t ; s , d2 s/ d t 2 (. 198).

(140.5)

(140.6)

( s = A cos (w 0 t + j)). (140.1).

, . , , j, , , (. 199). w 0, , +, s=A cos (w 0 t + j). , , j, , w 0 .

, . . ,

(140.7)

. (140.1) :

(140.8)

(140.8)

. Re (140.8)

, s , .

141.

, . t , (140.1), s=x:

(141.1)

(140.4) (140.5), v

(141.2)

F=ma, , (141.1) (1412)

, ( ).

, ,

(141.3)

(141.4)

, F,

(141.5)

(141.6)

(141.3) (141.5), :

(141.7)

, , .

(141.4) (141.6) , 2w0, . . , . . 200 x, T . ásin2añ = ácos2añ = 1/2, (141.3), (141.5) (14l.7) , á T ñ = áñ = ½ E.

142. . ,

, , (140.6);

(142.1)

. , , ( , ; . 146).

1. , F = kx, k .

(142.1) (140.1) , = s (w0 t + j)

(142.2)

(142.3)

(142.3) , (. (21.3)), . . . , (141.5) (142.2),

2. , , , (. 201).

a, (18.3) M

(142.4)

J , , l , Ft= mg sina mga. ( , Ft a ; sin a a , .. ). (142.4)

(142.5)

(142.1), (140.1) :

(142.6)

(142.6) , w0 (. (142.5))

(142.7)

L=J/ (ml) .

' , L, (. 201). (16.1),

. . ' . ' : ,

, .

3. , , , . , .

(142.8)

l .

, , , , (142.8) (1417),

(142.9)

(142.7) (142.9), , L l , . , , .

143.

, (, ) . , L, R.

, (R 0). , Q. t= 0 (. 202, ) , Q 2 (. (95.4)). , , I. , ( .

R 0, , ,

. t= ¼ T, , , ( , ) (. 202, ). ; , , , ( ) , . , , , , (. 202, ). (. 202, ) t= (. 202, ). . , , .. () Q , U I, . , , .

(. 202 ), . (Q 2 / (2 C)) , (LQ 2 / 2) , . L , , .

, , L, R,

IR , Uc=Q/C , ... , ( ... ). ,

(143.1)

(143.1) L Q :

(143.2)

... , (. 140). R= 0, . (143.2) .

(142.1) (140.1) , Q

(143.3)

Q m w0, , . .

(143.4)

(143.5)

(143.5) . . (. (140.4))

(143.6)

I m = w0 Q m .

(143.7)

U m= Q m/ C .

(143.3) (143.6) , I Q p/2, .., , ( (. (143.7)) , .

144. .

, , , .

(. 140). (. 203). Tax A1 2 w0, (j 2 j 1) . ,

(144.1)

(144.1) j

(144.2)

, , , , . (j 2 j 1) .

(144.2) (j 2 j 1):

1) j 2 j 1 = 2 mp (= 0, 1, 2,...), A=A 1 +A 2, . . ;

2) j 2 j 1 = (2 m +1) p (= 0, 1, 2,...), A= | A 1 A 2|, . . .

, . . , , .

, w w +D w, D w << w. , :

, D w /2<< w,

(144.3)

(144.3) w, , :

(144.4)

( ), . . :

(144.3) . 204, (144.3), (144.4) .

( (. 158)) . , . .

s = f (t) , , , w0:

(144.5)

(144.5) , . * , w0, 2w0, 3w0,..., ( ), , . . .

* . (17681830) .

 

145.

w, . , ,

(145.1)

a , . (145.1) t.

cos wt / sin wt , , :

(145.2)

, .

a. , :

1) a = mp (m =0, 1, 2,...).

(145.3)

(. 205, ), (. 205, ). w , (145.3), j= arctg . ;

2) a = (2 m+ 1) (m =0, 1, 2,...).

(145.4)

, , (. 206). , =, (145.4) . , .

, . , , , . * , . . 207 ( ) ( ; j).

* . (18221880) .

 

, . . , .

146. ( ) .

, - . , .

. , , , . , , ( ), , , , . , , , .

(146.1)

s , , d=const , w 0 , . . d = 0 ( ) .

(146.1)

(146.2)

u=u(t). (146.2) (146.1)

(146.3)

(146.3) . , :

(146.4)

( ()>0, ). (142.1) ü+w 2 =0, = 0cos(wt+j)(. (140.1)). , (146.1) ()

(146.5)

(146.6)

, 0 . (146.5) . 208 , (146.6) . t=1/d, , .

, , , . , ( ) (. 208). (146.4)

A(t) (t + ) , , ,

,

(146.7)

; N e , . .

Q,

(146.8)

( (), T 0).

(146.8) , N e, .

, , ( ) ( ).

1. . (. 142) , F= kx, , . .

r ;

(146.9)

w 0= (. (142.2)) ,

(146.10)

(146.1) :

(146.1) (146.5) ,

(. (146.4)).

, (146.8) (146.10), Q= /r.

2. . ( 0) (. (143.2))

(143.4)

(146.11)

(143.2) (146.1)

(146.1) (146.5) ,

(146.12)

, (146.4),

(146.13)

w 0 (. (143.4)). R= 0 (146.13) (143.4).

(146.7), (. (146.8))

(146.14)

, d d=w 0 , . . . , t ¥. . .

. . , , .

, , (. 147), . , ( ).

. . , , , . , .

, , . .

147. ( )

, . - X (t), :

, X (t)

(147.1)

(147.1) (146.9)

(142.2) (146.10),

(147.2)

, X (t) ...

(147.3)

(143.2) (147.3)

(143.4) (146.11),

(147.4)

, ..., .

(147.2) (147.4)

(147.5)

(x 0 F 0 /m, U m/ L).

(147.5) (146.5) (146.1) . (. 140). (147.5) 0 :

(147.6)

s (147.6),

(147.7)

, t . , h=w. , (147.7) s 0

:

(147.8)

(147.9)

, (147.6)

, (147.5),

(147.10)

j (147.8) (147.9).

, (147.5)

(147.11)

(147.5)

(147.12)

(. (146.5)) (147.11). (147.12) ( ) , , (147.8). . 209. , w ; , (147.8) (147.9), w.

(147.10), (147.8) (147.9) , , (. (143.4)) (. (146.11)):

(147.13)

Q=Q mcos(wta) t, :

(147.14)

(147.15)

(147.14)

j = a p /2 (. (147.3)). (147.13)

(147.16)

(147.16) , (j> 0), wL> 1/(w ), (j< 0), wL< 1/(w ).

(147.15) (147.16) . 149 .

148. ( ).

w. , () , (Q) .

(147.8) , () . w , , () , (147.8), , , . w , , w :

w =0, , . ,

(148.1)

( ) , , ( ). w w 0 . (148.1) (147.8),

(148.2)

. 210 d. (148.1) (148.2) , d, . w 0, (. (147.8)) , , , . , U m / (L ). w ¥, . .

(148.2) , () ()

Q (. (146.8)), . , Q : Q, .

. 211 (). ()

w =w 0 , . . d, . (142.2), (146.10) (143.4), (146.11), ,





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