(, , ) .
, :
1. , 1 %- NaHC3. .
2. , .
3. , (, ).
4. , , .
5. ' 1 %- n4 .
6. '.
7. ϳ .
8. . ̳ .
9. , .
ʲ ˲ Ͳ
, .
. ' .
˲ ҲͲ
: , -, - . .
5.
ѳ | |
- | (HCl, H2SO4) (NaOH, NH3H2O) |
- |
- , , .
- , , .
|
|
6.
-
Na+, K+, NH , Li+ | , . | ||
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg | HCl | . | |
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ | H2SO4 + C2H5OH | . | |
IV | Al3+, Zn2+, Cr3+, As(III), As(V), Sn(II), Sn (IV) | . NaOH, H2O2 | ó , . |
V | Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Bi3+, Sb(III), Sb(V) | . NH3H2O | ó , . |
VI | Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ | . NH3H2O | ó , , . |
ֲ ҲͲ ˲ί (+, Na+, NH4+)
: .
: +, Na+, NH4+. : . . .
ó , , . K+ Na+ . , .
-
1. ij () Na3[Co(N2)6 ] ( )
() - ().
2KCl + Na3[Co(N2)6] → K2Na[Co(N2)6]↓ + 2NaCl
2K+ + Na+ +[Co(N2)6]3- F K2Na[Co(N2)6]↓
3[Co(NO2)6] <4, HNO2 Co(NO2)3.
K2Na[Co(N2)6]↓ + 3HCl → 2KCl + NaCl + 3HNO2 + Co(NO2)3
K2Na[Co(N2)6]↓ + 3H+ F 2K+ + Na+ + 3HNO2 + Co3+ + 3NO2-
Co(OH)3.
K2Na[Co(N2)6]↓ + 3NaOH → Co(OH)3 ↓ + 4NaNO2 + 2KNO2
K2Na[Co(N2)6]↓ + 3OH- F Co(OH)3 ↓ + 2+ + Na+ + 6NO2-
: 2-3 1-2 Na3[Co(N2)6]. . . 1-2 , 1-2 NaOH. K2Na[Co(N2)6] .
2. ij NaHC4H4O6 ( )
. .
KCl + NaHC4H4O6 → KHC4H4O6↓ + NaCl
K+ + HC4H4O F KHC4H4O6↓
.
KHC4H4O6↓ + HCl → KCl + H2C44O6
KHC4H4O6↓ + H+ F K+ + H2C44O6
|
|
KHC4H4O6↓ + KOH → K2C4H4O6 + H2O
KHC4H4O6↓ + OH- F C4H4O + H2O
: 5-6 2-3 NaHC4H4O6. , . . . 1-2 , 1-2 NaOH. KHC4H4O6.
3. ij Na[B(C6H5)4] ( )
.
KCl + Na[B(C6H5)4] → K[B(C6H5)4]↓ + NaCl
K+ + [B(C6H5)4]- F K[B(C6H5)4]↓
: 3-4 3-4 Na[B(C6H5)4] 1 NaOH, . .
4. ' ( )
, -.
: . .
-
1. ij C6H5CH(OCH3)COOH ( )
䳳 ᒺ .
NaCl + 2C6H5CH(OCH3)COOH → C6H5CH(OCH3)COOHC6H5CH(OCH3)COONa↓ + HCl
Na+ + 2C6H5CH(OCH3)COOH F C6H5CH(OCH3)COOHC6H5CH(OCH3)COONa ↓ + H+
.
: 3-4 5-6 . . ' .
2.ij (V) K[Sb(OH)6] ( )
䳿 (V) .
NaCl + K[Sb(OH)6] → Na[Sb(OH)6]↓ + KCl
Na+ + [Sb(OH)6]- F Na[Sb(OH)6]↓
.
: 2-3 2-3 K[Sb(OH)6]. , . .
3. ij Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8.
-(1:9).
NaCl + Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 + CH3COOH + 9H2O → NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)99H2O↓ + HCl
Na+ + Zn2+ +3UO + 8CH3COO- + CH3COOH + 9H2O F NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)99H2O↓ + H+
ϳ NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)99H2O .
: 2-3 2-3 Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 2-3 . . .
4. ( )
.
: , . .
-
1. ij ( )
NaOH KOH .
|
|
NH4Cl + NaOH NH3H2O + NaCl
NH + OH- NH3H2O
NH3H2O NH3↑ + H2O
. , .
: 3-4 2-3 . . . .
2. ij ( () ) K2[HgI4] + KOH.
- - ( ) ().
NH4Cl + 2K2[HgI4] + 4KOH → [OHg2NH2]I↓ + 7KI + KCl + 3H2O
NH +4K+ +2[HgI4]2- +4K+ +4OH- F [OHg2NH2]I↓ +7K+ +7I- +K+ +Cl- +3H2O
NH + 2[HgI4]2- + 4OH- F [OHg2NH2]I↓ + 7I- + 3H2O
, . , Hg2. .
: 3-4 1-2 . - .
3. ij MgO ( )
, :
MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2OH-
Mg(OH)2 , , . , NH3, , . :
NH3↑ + HCl → NH4Cl
NH3↑ + H+ F NH4+
, , , Na3[Co(N2)6]. (NH4)2Na[Co(N2)6].
2NH4+ + Na+ +[Co(N2)6]3- F (NH4)2Na[Co(N2)6]↓
: 2-3 3 0,2 MgO. . , , 1 3 0,1 HCl 1-2 . . 2-3 Na3[Co(N2)6]. .
1. .
2. , .
3. .
4. ().
5. (V).
6. , .
7. , 䳺 .
. ³ , , . 0,25%. 4-7 . . ( 60% ), - () . , - , '. .
|
|
. NaCl (0,9%) , , , , , , , ; , . , , , () . . NaBr KBr , , .
Na2SO4 ( ) , ( , Na2SO4 BaS4, PbS4), .
NaHCO3 , . , . , , , , .
NaOH 10% , . 24Na . , , 쳿.
Na2B4O7102 .
. : , , , , . 0,22%. .
, . ' , . . ' (' ). , . , , .
. .
. ͳ -3, : , , ( ), ( ).
NH4Cl , - , 䳿 . .
(9,5-10,5% ). . , 㳿 .
ֲ ҲͲ II ˲ί (Ag+, Hg , Pb2+)
: .
II - b2+ d- Ag+ Hg .
II ( () ), , , , , , , , 䳺 .
II 2 HCl, . , IIIVI . II , Hg -.
, , .
II
|
|
1. ij 2 HCl ( )
II .
AgNO3 + l → AgCl↓ + NO3
Ag+ + Cl- F AgCl↓ = 1,7810-10
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2Cl → Hg2Cl2↓ + 2NO3
Hg + 2Cl- F Hg2Cl2↓ = 1,310-18
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → PbCl2↓ + 2NO3
Pb2+ + 2Cl- F PbCl2↓ = 1,610-5
() PbCl2 II : .
: 2-3 II 2-3 2 Cl. .
2. ij
Ag+ Pb2+ NaOH . () Ag2.
AgNO3 + NaOH → AgOH↓ + NaNO3
Ag+ + OH- F AgOH↓
2AgOH↓ → Ag2O↓ + H2O
() :
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH → Pb(OH)2↓ + 2NaNO3
Pb2+ + 2OH- F Pb(OH)2↓
Pb(OH)2↓ + 2NaOH → Na2[Pb(OH)4]
Pb(OH)2↓ + 2OH- F [Pb(OH)4]2-
()- 䳿 () :
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Hg2O↓ + H2O + 2NaNO3
Hg + 2OH- F Hg2O↓ + H2O
: 2-3 2-3 NaOH . .
3. ij ʲ
- :
AgNO3 + KI → AgI↓ + KNO3
Ag+ + I- F AgI↓
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2KI → Hg2I2↓ + 2KNO3
Hg + 2I- F Hg2I2↓
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2↓ + 2KNO3
Pb2+ + 2I- F PbI2↓ -
: 2-3 2-3 ʲ. .
4. ij K2CrO4
- :
2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4↓ + 2KNO3
2Ag+ + CrO F Ag2CrO4¯ -
Hg2(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 → Hg2CrO4↓ +2KNO3
Hg + CrO F Hg2CrO4↓
Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4↓ + 2KNO3
Pb2+ + CrO F PbCrO4↓
: 2-3 2-3 K2CrO4. .
()-
()- 䳿:
.ij 2 HCl: () :
AgNO3 + HCl →AgCl↓ + HNO3
Ag+ + Cl- F AgCl↓
. ij NH3H2O: () () :
AgCl↓ + 2NH3H2O → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
AgCl↓ + 2NH3H2O F [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- + 2H2O
. ij HNO3: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl () :
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2HNO3 → AgCl↓ + 2NH4NO3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- + 2H+ F AgCl↓ + 2NH
: 1-2 AgNO3 1-2 2 HCl. . 2-3 NH3H2O. . 4-5 HNO3. AgCl.
()-
1. ij KI
()- 䳿 KI - PbI2.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2↓ + 2KNO3
Pb2+ + 2I- F PbI2↓
PbI2 (), .
PbI2↓ + 2KI → K2[PbI4]
PbI2↓ + 2I- F [PbI4]2-
: 1-2 ()- 2-3 KI. . 3-5 . .
()-
1. ij ʲ
()- 䳿 KI Hg2I2:
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2KI → Hg2I2↓ + 2KNO3
Hg + 2I- F Hg2I2↓
䳿 Hg2I2 () .
Hg2I2↓ + 2KI → K2[HgI4] + Hg↓
Hg2I2↓ + 2I- F [HgI4]2- + Hg↓
: 1-2 ()- 2-3 KI. . 3-5 . .
1. . Hg , Pb2+, Ag+? .
2. () ?
3. ij () ? .
4. ?
5. Ag+.
II
. 110-6 %. , , , . Գ . ', , .
() AgNO3 () - (, ), , 㳿, 㳿, . ( ) ( ), ( ), ; , , 㳿 㳿 ', .
210-11 /3 . ' . , , . , , II , , .. ' , , . , , ..
() AgCl ( ). , .
. 110-6 %. .
. , () PbO, () Pb(CH3COO)2 ( ), (2% () [(3)()b]), (PbO). 㳿 ', .
(). () 㳿 () Hg2Cl2 (). , .
ֲ ҲͲ III ˲ί (Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+)
: .
Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, ..뺺. III , , , , , .
1 H2SO4 , .
- , .
, , , .
III
1. ij 1 H2SO4( )
䳿 .
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4↓ + 2HCl = 1,110-10
Ba2+ + SO F BaSO4↓
CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4↓ + 2HCl = 2,510-5
2+ + SO F CaSO4↓
Sr(NO3)2 + H2SO4 SrSO4↓ + 2HNO3 = 3,210-7
Sr2+ + SO F SrSO4↓
CaSO4 , 2+ . CaSO4 . III . 2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ . CaSO4 (NH4)2SO4 .
CaSO4¯ + (NH4)2SO4 → (NH4)2[Ca(SO4)2]
CaSO4↓ + SO F [Ca(SO4)2]
.
: 2-3 1-2 1 H2SO4 1-2 . .
2. ij
Na2CO3 2CO3 .
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 → BaCO3↓ + 2NaCl = 4,010-10
Ba2+ + CO F BaCO3↓
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3↓ + 2HCl = 3,710-9
a2+ + CO F CaCO3↓
Sr(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → SrCO3↓ + 2NaNO3 = 1,010-10
Sr2+ + CO F SrCO3↓
: 2-3 1-2 Na2CO3 2CO3. .
, .
BaCO3↓ + 2HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2↑
BaCO3↓ + 2H+ F Ba2+ + H2O + CO2↑
BaCO3↓ + 2CH3COOH → Ba(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2↑
BaCO3↓ + 2CH3COOH F Ba2+ + 2CH3COO- + H2O + CO2↑
: . .
3. ij
2+ Sr2+ K2CrO4 Na2CrO4 . aCrO4 .
BaCl2 + 2K2CrO4 → BaCrO4↓ + 2KCl = 1,210-10
Ba2+ + CrO F BaCrO4↓
Sr(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 → SrCrO4↓ + 2KNO3 = 3,610-5
Sr2+ + CrO F SrCrO4↓
:: 2-3 1-2 K2CrO4. BaCrO4 i SrCrO4 .
-
1. ij -
䳿 2r27 ( , ) rO4 :
2l2 + 2r27 + 2 → 2rO4 ↓+ 2l + 2l
22+ + r2 +2 F 2BaCrO4↓ + 2H+
2H+ + 2CH3CO F 2CH3COH
Sr2+ 2+ - .
: 2-3 2-3 2r27 2 CH3CONa. .
2. ( )
' - .
: . ′ - .
-
1. ij H2SO4
- H2SO4 CaSO4 22. ϳ BaSO4 SrSO4. , 2+ 2+ Sr2+.
CaCl2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4↓+ 2HCl
2+ + SO F CaSO4↓
: 1 1 H2SO4, . .
2. ij (NH4)2C2O4 ( )
2+ - C2O42- .
12 + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4↓+ 2NH4Cl
Ca2+ + C2O42- F 24↓
CaC2O4 , ( aC2O4 SrC2O4). 2+- .
: 2-3 2-3 (NH4)2C2O4. .
3. ij ( )
, :
: 2-3 3-4 , 2-3 2-3 . . .
4. ij () K4[Fe(CN)6] ( )
2+ K4[Fe(CN)6] NH4Cl () (NH4)2Ca[Fe(CN)6].
CaCl2 + 2NH4Cl + K4[Fe(CN)6] → (NH4)2Ca[Fe(CN)6]↓ + 4KCl
Ca2+ + 2NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4- F (NH4)2Ca[Fe(CN)6]↓
(NH4)2Ca[Fe(CN)6] .
: 2-3 2-3 , 2-3 () K4[Fe(CN)6] NH4Cl. .
5. ( )
' - .
: . - .
-
1.
CaSO4 2H2O SO42 SrSO4.
Sr2+ + SO42 F SrSO4↓
, . . Sr2+ - , Ba2+ - ,
(BaSO4) = 1,110-10 < (SrSO4) = 3,210-7
: 2-3 3-4 ( ) . .
2. '
' - .
: . .
1. III . .
2. , III 䳿 . ³ .
3. , CaSO4 䳿 .
4. , 2+; Sr2+;2+.
5. , ' .
III
, 1,4%. 0,8-0,9 . , , (, , ). . , O3 3(4)2. ʳ . ³ , .
, ', , . - , , . , .
, . .
CaCl2, , . ('), , , , , , , , , , .
( ) 3 . , .
( ) CaSO4 H2O ', , , .
Ca()2 -, .
.
, . 110-3 %. ³ , . , , . , . .
, , 1,5%, . 110-5%. . .
S4. , , , -, .
(Na2SO4, MgS4) . ճ .
()2 .
ֲ ҲͲ IV ˲ί
(13+, Sn2+, Sn(IV), As(), s(V), Zn2+,r3+)
: IV
IV -: 13+, Sn2+, Sn(IV), As(), s(V) d - Zn2+ r3+.
IV 6 NaOH, 3 % 22. ϳ 䳿 , . 22 - .
ó IV , 䳿 .
IV
1.ij 6 ( )
IV :
SnCl2 + 2NaOH → Sn(OH)2¯ + 2NaCl
Sn2+ + 2OH- F Sn(OH)2↓
Na2[SnCl6] + 4NaOH → Sn(OH)4↓ + 6NaCl
[SnCl6]2- + 4OH- F Sn(OH)4↓ + 6l-
CrCl3+ 3NaOH → Cr(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl
Cr3+ + 3OH- F Cr(OH)3↓
ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
Zn2+ + 2OH- F Zn(OH)2↓
ll3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl
A13+ + 3- F Al(OH)3↓
: 2-3 IV 1-2 NaOH. .
ó IV , ( ), ( ).
) :
Sn(OH)2↓ + 2l → SnCl2 + 22
Sn(OH)2↓+ 2+ F Sn2+ + 22
Sn(OH)4↓ + 6l → 2[Snl6] + 42
Sn(OH)4↓+ 4H+ + 6l- F [SnCl6]2- + 42
r()3↓ + 3l → rl3 + 32
r()3↓ + 3H+ F r3+ + 32
Zn(OH)2↓ + 2l → ZnCl2 + 22
Zn(OH)2↓ + 2H+ F Zn2+ + 22
l()3↓ + 3l → ll3 + 32
l()3↓ + 3H+ F 13+ + 32O
) :
Sn(OH)2↓ + 2NaOH → Na2[Sn(OH)4]
Sn(OH)2↓+ 2- F [Sn(OH)4]2-
Sn(OH)4↓ + 2NaOH → Na2[Sn(OH)6]
Sn(OH)4↓ + 2OH- F [Sn(OH)6]2-
Cr(OH)3↓ + 3NaOH → Na3[Cr(OH)6]
Cr(OH)3↓ + 3- F [Cr(OH)6]3-
Zn(OH)2↓ + 2NaOH → Na2[Zn(OH)4]
Zn(OH)2↓ + 2OH- F [Zn(OH)4]2-
Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaOH → Na3[Al(OH)6]
Al(OH)3↓ + 3- F [Al(OH)6]3-
V