, . , . , , ( , , ). ( ) , 㳿. ֳ .
, Q A , (ΔU = 0)
A = Q. (2.4.28)
. , ( , ..), . . , . (p, V) (. 2.17).
. 2.17
A1, abc, A2, cda. A = A1 + A2 (p, V) . A > 0, , A < 0, .
, , . , , . , . , Q1 > 0 Q2 < 0. Q, ,
Q = Q1 + Q2 = Q1 |Q2|. (2.4.29)
, , 㳿 (Δ U = 0). ³
ΔU = Q A = 0. (2.4.29)
:
A = Q = Q1 |Q2|. (2.4.30)
A, , Q. ³ A Q1, , 䳿 η
(2.4.31)
䳿 , 㳿, , . (1 η) . 䳿 (η < 1). . 2.18
|
|
. 2.18
. . 2.19 , . . (12, 34) (23, 41). , (12, 34), (23) (41). 䳿 30%, 40 %.
1824 . , . . ³ (. 2.20).
. 2.19
, . (12) (), T1.
. 2.20
A12; Q1 = A12. (23) . A23 > 0.
T2. (34) () T 1 > T 2. ³ . A34 < 0 Q2 < 0, A34. . , . T1, A41 < 0. A, ,
A = A1,2 + A2,3 + A3,4 + A4,1. (2.4.33)
(p, V) . ( ) ΔU 㳿. 1-
A = ΔU = CV(T2 T1), (2.4.34)
T1 T2 .
, , ,
A23 = A41. (2.4.35)
䳿 η
(2.4.36)
. 䳿 T1 T2
(2.4.37)
, . - () , ( ). (), . .
|
|
η = ηmax. (2.4.38)
. , . , . , , .
. (p, V) . . 2.21.
, , . |Q2| (, ), .
(2.4.39)
, , 1 .
. 2.21
β x .
(2.4.40)
|Q1| , , (, ), . β
(2.4.41)
, , 1 . :
|Q1 > |A|, , β .
(2.4.42)