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- , (1995 .) , . , . , , , 1980- 1990-, . . , . , . , , 71. , . , , , . , 1994 . PC . 1990- , ( 20% , -). 72. ( ), , , , , . , , 73.
, , , , , , , . , , . , , , , - , 74. . BBS, 1993 ., , 18% , 50 BBS; 38% (were uploads of the system) 66% "" 75. , , , , - 76. ( BBS) - . , , , , 67% - 18-34 . -50-75 . ., , 77. ( , 1995 .) , 65 % - ( 62 . .), , ( - 36 )78. , , , . , , , ; , , . , , , , .
. , , . , , - , , , , , .
, -, , 79. , -, , , 80. , , , , . , , , .
, , . 3 4 , . , . , , ? , , ? , 81 , , , -, , , , . , , , .
, . ( ), , , e-mail - 82. , , , e-mail . - , . , 83, " ", . 1990- , Minitel 1980-x84. , , , .
- 85. , . - " " , 86. , , , , PEN, - 87. . ( ) 1990- .
- . 88 , , . , " ", , , ( ). 1990- . , , , . , . : , , . " " , , , . , "" : , " "89, , , , 90.
? , e-mail, , . , , , "", , 91. , ( ...), , , , .
, , , . , 1940 . 92. , , , . , . , , . Minitel . , , , . , , , , . , , . , . , ; , , . , SFNET -, - , , 93. , , . , , - ( ) .
, , .

71 , (1994). , 1993 ., . Sato et al. (1995). Ҹ (Turkic, 1995).
72 . Business Week (1994a); Business Week (1994e, f, g); El Pais/World Media (1995). . Soumu-cho Toukei-kyoku (Bureau of Statistics, Management and Coordination Agency) (1995); Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (1994a); Japan Information Processing Center (1994).
73Hamelink(1990).
74 , , New York Times, August 10.
75 Rafaeli and LaRose (1993).
76 Schweitzer (1995); Sato et al. (1995).
77Lohr(1995).
78 McLeod (1996).
79 Sproull and Kiesler (1991); Rand Corporation (1995).
80 Hiltz and Touroff (1993); Sato et al. (1995).
81 Gurstein (1990).
82 Lanham (1993); Rand Corporation (1995).
83 Specter (1994).
84 Armstrong (1994).
85 Abramson et al. (1988); Epstein (1995).
86 Castells, Yazava and Kiselyova (1996).
87 Varley (1991); Ganley (1991).
88 Rheingold (1993).
89 Rheingold (1993).
90 Turkic (1995).
91 December John. Characteristics of Oral Culture in Discourse on the Net. 1993 ., (Benson 1994).
92 Fischer (1992).

93 Rheingold (1993).
94 Sullivan-Trainor (1994)





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