5.4.1.
. , (-), (. Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978; Abramson, Metalsky & Alloy, 1989). , , (), ( ) ( , ) (. 15).
, , , - . . () , , . (Heckhausen, 1977) (. 17), . ( ). , , , .
(Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus & Seligman, 1992) 5 255 3- (third grade), (N = 508). , , - , , . ( ) . , (scar hypothesis), , , . . (Lewinsohn, Steinmetz, Larson & Franklin, 1981) - .
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(Rose, Abramson, Hodulik, Halberstadt & Leff, 1994) , . , , . , , . (Metalsky & Joiner, 1992) 152 , : .
, . , (Perrez & Chervet, 1989; . Diethelm, 1990). , , , , . (. Heckhausen, 1983). (locus of control) . , (Krampen, 1991). , . , , .
, (Benassi, Sweeney & Dufour, 1988). , . , . , 500 (Lewinson, Hobermann & Rosenbaum, 1988), , , 8 . , ( ), . , , , (. Ehlers & Lüer, 1996), , , .
, (Brewin, 1988).
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) - , .
) -: - , .
) -- , .
) , , .
) -, , , , , , .
, , - (Brewin, 1988), , , . - , , , , . (. 36) .
5.4.2.
, , . (Bandura & Walters, 1959) , , . (. ) , , , . ( , , ) . , . (Selg, Mees & Berg, 1988; Bandura & Walters, 1959). , , . (Muris, Steerneman, Merckelbach & Meesters, 1996) 409 ( 12 ) , . (Fear Survey Schedule) , , , , .
- . (Schmidtke & Häfner, 1988) ZDF, , . ; . ABAB- , , , , .