.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, -, , . .

. 18.10 , , 18.1 (.. , , 18.8). . "null", , . . , .

426 II. Prolog


, . , , : [ size - small, shape = compact, holes - 1]

nut ( holes = 1, shape = compact). , size = small .


null

smell / screw

("")

1~ 7

Large long compact other

\ / I \

Key nut null

pen


/

Key


. IS. 10. , , 18.1 ( . 18.8)

, , , . . ; , . .

, , , . . . , , .

. 18.11. , . - . , . , . 18.11, , , , , . , , , .


18.



S,

;

S . , , , ,

- " " , , ,..^

- S .,..., S ;

- {) .., S...,S; , , , K3KV,,, v; :



 


'1 '2 ■■ S

. 18.11.


, .



-


1. S , , "null".

2. , .

3. S , S , , , . , S S. (class probability tree), . ( , , ).

4. . .

18.5.2. ""

"" . , (impurity) . ( ).

. . . . . ,



II. Prolog


. , . . , 3, I, , :

V I = - iiplc) log2 p(c)

, {) - , S . . , , 1, 0. 1 = 0. , I , .

S . ':.... :

IresW = - p{v) L p(c I v) log, ( I v)

v , (v) v S, p(c I v) , , v. (v) ( | v) S.

. , . , , S , , , . Ires . . I ■.-... , ,

I (A) = -2^p[v) ioga <p(v> }

I () . :

Gain (A). I - Ires (A)

, .

, , , (binarization of attributes). . () , .


18.



, , , .. , . . ().

, Gird, :

Gini = Zd p(i) p(j)

i ; . Gini :

Gini [A) = £j (!(v) ^ p(i | v) p(j | V)

v A, p(i | v] i, , v.

, , , . , . . , .

18.1. (. 18.1). , "size" "holes", . , , , p(nut) = 3/12[1 | holes=l) = 3/5.

18.2. D 25% . S 75% , , . , , , D ( D) -D ( ). S . S?





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