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(grading in education)

 

(grading) (marking) - . - ; ; , , , . ; .

. . , , , - . , , / /. , . (A, , , D, F) (5, 4, 3, 2, 1 60, 70, 80, 90, 100), . ( +, -, -).

, , , . . - - , - . - , 15% A, 25% ,40% , 15% D 5% F. , . , - . , - . - - . - . - , - , .

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(magnitude estimation)

 

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R = In,

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(performance appraisal)

 

- . . . - , , , , , , , , . . -.

. . , , , . . , .

. . . - , , ( ).

. . . . III . . . . , - XIX . . . 1813 ., 1842 .

XX . . . . . .

1964 . . . . , , , .

. . -, , , : (essays) , , , . , , ( ) . . , , , . , , , (management-by-objectives, MBO), - -.

. , , ., .

, , . , - . , , , , .

, , , , . , - , . , , - .

(behaviorally anchored rating scales, BARS) . , , , . , .

(behavioral observation scales, BOS) . , , , .-. . , , . , , , , . . , , , , .

.., . , . , . , . , , , , . , ., , .

. , . -, . , - . . , .

- - . , ., , , .

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. . . . -. . . , , .

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(judgment and decision making)

 

. . . . : , , . . , .

: . , 400 , . , - (Theory of games and economic behavior), . . , . . . . . ., - , , , , . . , . , : , () , , . , , , (multiattribute utility theory), , . , . 3 : (rating) , , (lottery-based) .

. . , . . . , (. . ) , - . , , , , . . , . , , , . .

, . ( ) . ( , , ), (, , , ) ( ).

, (, ). . . . . (additive difference model), (elimination-by-aspects model), . , . . . . .

. . . -. . - . - . (defensive avoidance), - , . - . 3 . 129 8 , / , , . , (managerial transparency) . , - .

. (decision support systems) . , , , . . . : ) , - ; ) . , . ; ) . , (., , ); ) , . . , . . . (multilevel decision support model), .

. - , , , , , ,

.-.

 

(personality assessment)

 

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