Возможны ли изменения к лучшему?

Правительственные чиновники беспокоятся, что одно лишь обсуждение проблемы может напугать родителей. Левайн, вероятно, выражает мнение многих представителей вакцинной индустрии, когда заявляет: "Мы окажем очень плохую услугу населению, если поставим под сомнение безопасность современных полиовакцин…" [176]. Однако Барбаре Ло Фишер хотелось бы видеть, каким образом решается вопрос безопасности вакцин. Она полагает, что конфликт интересов является неотъемлемой частью деятельности таких учреждений, как Управление контроля пищевых продуктов и лекарств, поскольку с одной стороны им поручено поощрять массовую вакцинацию, а с другой — контролировать безопасность вакцин. "Кто отвечает за то, что Управление позволяет фармацевтическим компаниям производить вакцины на зараженных почках обезьян?", — спрашивает Фишер. "А как же забота о здоровье населения?" [60]. Доктор Джон Мартин соглашается с ней. Он полагает, что в Соединенных Штатах необходимо срочно определить распространенность вирусов-невидимок обезьяньего происхождения и выяснить, могут ли они приводить к хроническим заболеваниям иммунной системы и мозга у детей и взрослых [177]. Доктор Урновиц еще более жестко формулирует свои обвинения. Он считает, что для всеобъемлющего изучения влияния обезьяньих микроорганизмов, которому подвергся человек, уже слишком поздно. "Половина населения этой страны — из поколения "бебибумеров", родившихся между 1941 и 1961 гг. и наиболее вероятно получивших полиовакцины, зараженные обезьяньими вирусами. Это ли не бомба замедленного действия, готовая взорваться эпидемиями волчанки, болезней Альцгеймера и Паркинсона?" [168:4,5;169]. Урновиц предложил медицинской науке опровергнуть его слова. "Сегодня мы говорим, что есть очень большая вероятность того, что до полиовакцин не существовало человеческих ретровирусов… Вы должны осознать, что как только вы вмешиваетесь в природу, вам придется за это платить… А цель здесь — лучший, более здоровый мир…" [168:4,5;169;171].

Ссылки

[1] Okonek BM, et al. Development of polio vaccines. Access Excellence Classic Collection, February 16, 2001:1. www.accessexcellence.org
[2] Volk WA, et al. Basic Microbiology, 4th edition. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1980:455.
[3] Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR); 55th edition. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics, 2001:778.
[4] Burnet, M., et al. The Natural History of Infectious Disease New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1972:16.
[5] Neustaedter R. The Vaccine Guide. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1996:107–8.
[6] Baby Center. The Polio Vaccine (0-12 months). www.babycenter.com
[7] Moskowitz R. Immunizations: The Other Side. Mothering Spring 1984:36.
[8] Houchaus. Ueber Poliomyelitis acuta. Munch Med Wochenschr 1909; 56:2353–55.
[9] Lambert SM. A yaws campaign and an epidemic of poliomyelitis in Western Samoa. J Trop Med Hyg 1936; 39:41–6.
[10] Lindsay KW, et al. Neurology and Neurosurgery Illustrated. Edinburgh/London/ New York: Churchill Livingston, 1986:100. Figure 15.2. Polio incidence rates obtained from National Morbidity Reports.
[11] McCloskey BP. The relation of prophylactic inoculations to the onset of poliomyletis. Lancet, April 18, 1950:659–63.
[12] Geffen DH. The incidence of paralysis occurring in London children within four weeks after immunization. Med Officer 1950;83:137–40.
[13] Martin JK. Local paralysis in children after injections. Arch Dis Child 1950; 25:1–14.
[14] Hill AB, et al. Inoculation and poliomyelitis. A statistical investigation in England and Wales in 1949. British Medical Journal 1950; ii:1–6.
[15] Medical Research Council Committee on Inoculation Procedures and Neurological Lesions. Poliomyelitis and prophylactic inoculation. Lancet 1956; ii:1223–31.
[16] Sutter RW, et al. Attributable risk of DTP (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine) injection in provoking paralytic poliomyelitis during a large outbreak in Oman. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992; 165:444–9.
[17] Strebel PM, et al. Intramuscular injections within 30 days of immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine—a risk factor for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. New England J of Med, February 23, 1995:500+.
[18] Editorial. Provocation paralysis. Lancet 1992; 340:1005.
[19] Wyatt HV. Provocation poliomyelitis: neglected clinical observations from 1914-1950. Bulletin of Historical Medicine 1981; 55:543–57.
[20] Townsend-Coles, W.F and Findlay, G.M. Poliomyelitis in relation to intramuscular injections of quinine and other drugs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1953; 47:77–81.
[21] Guyer B, et al. Injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in tropical Africa. Bull WHO 1980; 58:285–91.
[22] Bodian D. Viremia in experimental poliomyelitis. II. Viremia and the mechanism of the >provoking= effect of injections of trauma. Amer J Hyg 1954; 60:358–70.
[23] Wyatt HV. Incubation of poliomyelitis as calculated from time of entry into the central nervous system via the peripheral nerve pathways. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12:547-56.
[24] Wyatt HV, et al. Unnecessary injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86:546–9.
[25] Chandra RK. Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children. British Medical Journal 1975; ii:583–5.
[26] McBean E. The Poisoned Needle. Mokelumne Hill, California: Health Research, 1957:116.
[27] Sandler B. American Journal of Pathology, January 1941.
[28] Sandler B. Diet Prevents Polio (Milwaukee: Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research, 1951).
[29] Allen H. Don't Get Stuck: The Case Against Vaccinations. (Oldsmar, Florida: Natural Hygiene Press, 1985:166.
[30] Harry NM. The recovery period in anterior poliomyelitis. British Medical Journal 1938; 1:164–7.
[31] Sharrard W. Muscle recovery in poliomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surgery 1955; 37B:63–79.
[32] Affeldt JE, et al. Functional and vocational recovery in severe poliomyelitis. Clin Orthop 1958; 12:16–21.
[33] Hollenberg C, et al. The late effects of spinal poliomyelitis. Can Med Assoc J 1959; 81:343–6.
[34] Ramlow, J., et al. Epidemiology of the post-polio syndrome. American Journal of Epidemiology 1992;136:783.
[35] A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries. Salk produces polio vaccine. www.pbs.org
[36] Strebel PM., et al. Epidemiology of poliomyletis in U.S. one decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus associated disease, ClinicalInfectious Diseases CDC, February 1992:568–79.
[37] Gorman C. When the vaccine causes the polio. Time October 30, 1995:83. [38] Shaw D. Unintended casualties in war on polio. Philadelphia Inquirer June 6, 1993:A1.
[39] Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR): CDC. 2000; 49:1–22.
[40] Reuters Medical News. CDC publishes Updated Poliomyelitis prevention recommendations for the U.S., May 22, 2000. www.id.medscape.com
[41] The Associated Press. Polio cases caused by vaccine. The Santa Fe New Mexican, January 31, 1997.
[42] Data taken from government statistics, as reported in an Associated Press dispatch from Boston, August 30, 1955.
[43] As reported by Saul Pett in an Associated Press dispatch from Pittsburgh, October 11, 1954. [44] Washington Post, September 24, 1976.
[45] American Academy of Pediatrics, Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases: 1986 (Elk Grove Village, Illinois: AAP):284–5.
[46] Institute of Medicine. An evaluation of poliomyelitis vaccine policy options. IOM Publication 88-04 (Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1988).
[47] Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), Rockville, MD.
[48] IOS. The Polio vaccine coverup COPV Vaccine Report: Document #14. www.ios.com
[49] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Polio: What You Need to Know, Atlanta, GA: CDC, October 15, 1991:3.
[50] Mendelsohn R. How to Raise a Healthy Child...In Spite of Your Doctor. (Ballantine Books, 1984:231.
[51] Alderson M. International Mortality Statistics, Washington, DC: Facts on File, 1981:177–8.
[52] Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 87th Congress, 2nd Session on HR 10541. May 1962:94–112.
[53] Los Angeles County Health Index: Morbidity and Morality, Reportable Diseases.
[54] O’Hern M. Profiles: Pioneer Women Scientists. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
[55] Curtis T, Manson P. Scientist’s Polio Fear Unheeded: How U.S. Researcher’s Warning Was Silenced. The Houston Post 1992:A1 and A12.
[56] Sweet BH, Hilleman MR. The Vacuolating Virus: SV-40. As cited in The polio vaccine and simian virus 40 by Moriarty, T.J. www.chronicillnet.org
[57] Moriarty T.J. The polio vaccine and simian virus 40. Online News Index. www.chronicillnet.org
[58] Shah K, Nathanson N. Human exposure to SV40. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1976;103:1–12.
[59] Curtis T. The origin of AIDS: A startling new theory attempts to answer the question >Was it an act of God or an act of man= Rolling Stone, March 19, 1992:57.
[60] Bookchin D, Schumaker J. Tainted Polio Vaccine Still Carries Its Threat 40 Years Later. The Boston Globe, January 26, 1997.
[61] Innis MD. Oncogenesis and poliomyelitis vaccine. Nature, 1968;219:972–3.
[62] Soriano F, et al. Simian virus 40 in a human cancer. Nature, 1974;249:421–4.
[63] Weiss AF, et al. Simian virus 40-related antigens in three human meningiomas with defined chromosome loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 1975;72(2):609–13.
[64] Scherneck S, et al. Isolation of a SV-40-like papovavirus from a human glioblastoma. International Journal of Cancer, 1979;24:523–31.
[65] Stoian M, et al. Possible relation between viruses and oromaxillofacial tumors. II. Research on the presence of SV40 antigen and specific antibodies in patients with oromaxillofacial tumors. Virologie, 1987;38:35–40.
[66] Stoian M, et al. Possible relation between viruses and oromaxillofacial tumors. II. Detection of SV40 antigen and of anti-SV40 antibodies in patients with parotid gland tumors. Virologie, 1987;38:41–6.
[67] Bravo MP, et al. Association between the occurrence of antibodies to simian vacuolating virus 40 and bladder cancer in male smokers. Neoplasma, 1988;35:285–8.
[68] O’Connell K, et al. Endothelial cells transformed by SV40 T-antigen cause Kaposi’s sarcoma-like tumors in nude mice. American Journal of Pathology, 1991;139(4):743–9.
[69] Weiner LP, et al. Isolation of virus related to SV40 from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. New England Journal ofMedicine, 1972;286:385–90.
[70] Tabuchi K. Screening of human brain tumors for SV-40-related T-antigen. International Journal of Cancer 1978;21:12–7.
[71] Meinke W, et al. Simian virus 40-related DNA sequences in a human brain tumor. Neurology 1979;29:1590–4.
[72] Krieg P, et al. Episomal simian virus 40 genomes in human brain tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 1981; 78:6446-50.
[73] Krieg P, et al. Cloning of SV40 genomes from human brain tumors. Virology 1984;138:336–40.
[74] Geissler E. SV40 in human intracranial tumors: passenger virus or oncogenic hit-and-run agent? Z Klin Med, 1986;41:493–5.
[75] Geissler E. SV40 and human brain tumors. Progress in Medical Virology, 1990;37:211–22.
[76] Bergsagel DJ, et al. DNA sequences similar to those of simian virus 40 in ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors of childhood. New England Journal of Medicine, 1992;326:988–93.
[77] Martini, M., et al. Human brain tumors and simian virus 40. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1995;87(17):1331.
[78] Lednicky JA, et al. Natural Simian Virus 40 Strains are Present in Human Choroid Plexus and Ependymoma Tumors. Virology, 1995;212(2):710–7.
[79] Tognon M, et al. Large T Antigen Coding Sequence of Two DNA Tumor Viruses, BK and SV-40, and Nonrandom Chromosome Changes in Two Gioblastoma Cell Lines. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenics, 1996;90(1): 17–23.
[80] Vilchez RA, et al. Association between simian virus 40 and non-hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet, (March 9, 2002), 359: 817–23.
[81] Carbone, M., et al. SV-40 Like Sequences in Human Bone Tumors. Oncogene, 1996;13(3):527–35.
[82] Pass, HI, Carbone, M., et al. Evidence For and Implications of SV-40 Like Sequences in Human Mesotheliomas. Important Advances in Oncology, 1996:89-108.
[83] Rock, Andrea. The Lethal Dangers of the Billion Dollar Vaccine Business, Money, December 1996:161.
[84] Carlsen, W. Rogue virus in the vaccine: Early polio vaccine harbored virus now feared to cause cancer in humans. San Francisco Chronicle, July 15, 2001:7. Research by Susan Fisher, epidemiologist, Loyola University Medical Center.
[85] National Institutes of Health. Zones of Contamination: Globe Staff Graphic.
[86] Bookchin D, Schumacher J. Tainted polio vaccine still carries its threat 40 years later. The Boston Globe, January 26, 1997.
[87] SV-40 Contamination of Polio Vaccine. Well Within Online, (February 3, 2001, updated). www.nccn.net
[88] Rosa FW, et al. Absence of antibody response to simian virus 40 after inoculation with killed-poliovirus vaccine of mothers offspring with neurological tumors. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988;318:1469.
[89] Rosa FW, et al. Response to: Neurological tumors in offspring after inoculation of mothers with killed poliovirus vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988, 319:1226.
[90] Martini F, et al. SV-40 Early Region and Large T Antigen in Human Brain Tumors, Peripheral Blood Cells, and Sperm Fluids from Healthy Individuals. Cancer Research, 1996;56(20):4820–5.
[91] Fisher, Barbara. Vaccine safety consumer group cites conflict of interest in government report on cancer and contaminated polio vaccine link. NationalVaccine Information Center (NVIC); Press Release, January 27, 1998.
[92] National Cancer Institute (June 2001).
[93] Koprowksi H. Tin anniversary of the development of live virus vaccine. Journal of the American Medical Association 1960;174:972–6.
[94] Hayflick L, Koprowski H, et al. Preparation of poliovirus vaccines in a human fetal diploid cell strain. American J Hyg 1962;75:240–58.
[95] Koprowski H. In a letter sent to the Congressional Health and Safety Subcommittee, April 14, 1961.
[96] Curtis T. Expert says test vaccine: backs check of polio stocks for AIDS virus. The Houston Post, March 22, 1992:A-21.
[97] Essex M, et al. The origin of the AIDS virus. Scientific American, 1988; 259:64–71.
[98] Karpas A. Origin and Spread of AIDS. Nature, 1990; 348:578.
[99] Kyle WS. Simian retroviruses, poliovaccine, and origin of AIDS. Lancet, 1992; 339:600–1.
[100] Elswood BF, Stricker RB. Polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS. Medical Hypothesis, 1994:42:347–54.
[101] Myers G, et al. The emergence of simian/human immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS Res Human Retro 1992:8:373–86.
[102] Workshop on Simian Virus-40 (SV-40): A Possible Human Polyomavirus. National Vaccine Information Center, January 27-28, 1997. www.909shot.com (Includes a summary of evidence presented at the Eighth Annual Houston Conference on AIDS.)
[103] Martin B. Polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS: The career of a threatening idea. Townsend Letter for Doctors, January 1994:97–100.
[104] Curtis T. Did a polio vaccine experiment unleash AIDS in Africa? The Washington Post, April 5, 1992:C3+.
[105] World Health Organization. T-lymphotropic retroviruses of nonhuman primates. WHO informal meeting. Weekly Epidemiology Records, 1985; 30:269–70.
[106] Ohta Y, et al. No evidence for the contamination of live oral poliomyelitis vaccines with simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS, 1989; 3:183–5.
[107] Huet T, et al. Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1. Nature, 1990; 345:356–9.
[108] Desrosiers RC. HIV-1 origins: A finger on the missing link. Nature, 1990;345:288–9.
[109] Sabin AB. Properties and behavior of orally administered attenuated poliovirus vaccine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1957; 164:1216–23.
[110] Plotkin SA, Koprowski H, et al. Clinical trials in infants of orally administered poliomyelitis viruses. Pediatrics 1959;23:1041–62.
[111] Barin F, et al. Serological evidence for virus related to simian Tlymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of West Africa. Lancet 1985; ii:1387–9.
[112] Hirsch VM, Zack PM, Vogel AP, Johnson PR. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques: End-stage disease is characterized by widespread distribution of proviral DNA in tissues. Journal of Infectious Disease, 1991; 163(5):976–88.
[113] Bohannon RC, et al. Isolation of a Type D retrovirus from B-cell lymphomas of a patient with AIDS. Journal of Virology, 1991;65(11):5663–72.
[114] Khabbaz RF, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus needlestick accident in a laboratory worker. Lancet, 1992;340:271–3.
[115] Gao F, et al. Human infection by genetically diverse SIVsm-related HIV-2 in West Africa. Nature, 1992;358:495–9.
[116] Giunta S, et al. The primate trade and the origin of AIDS viruses. Nature, 1987;329:22.
[117] Seale J. Crossing the species barrierCviruses and the origins of AIDS in perspective. J R Soc Med, 1989;82:519–23.
[118] Lecatsas G. Origin of AIDS. Nature, 1991;351:179.
[119] Gilks C. Monkeys and malaria. Nature, 1991;354:262.
[120] Grmek MD. History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
[121] Koprowski H. Historical aspects of the development of live virus vaccine in poliomyelitis. British Medical Journal, 1960;ii:85–91.
[122] Lebrun A, et al. Vaccination with the CHAT strain of Type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1960;22:203–13.
[123] Klein A. Trial by Fury. New York, NY: Charles Scribner=s Sons, 1972.
[124] Sabin AB. Present position of immunization against poliomyelitis with live virus vaccines. British Medical Journal, 1959;i:663–80.
[125] Mahmias AJ, et al. Evidence for human infection with an HTLV III/LAVlike virus in Central Africa, 1959. Lancet, 1986;i:1279–80.
[126] Huminer D, et al. AIDS in the pre-AIDS era. Rev Infect Dis, 1987; 9:1102–8.
[127] Corbitt G, et al. HIV infection in Manchester, 1959. Lancet, 1990;ii:51.
[128] Cohen J. Debate on AIDS origin: Rolling Stone weighs in— Controversial article angers vaccine experts by claiming AIDS could have been spread by polio vaccines in Africa. Science, March 1992:1505.
[129] Hrdy DB. Cultural practices contributing to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Rev Infect Dis, 1987; 9:1109–19.
[130] Sonnet J, et al. Early AIDS cases originating from Zaire and Burtundi (1962-1976). Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease, 1987;19:511–7.
[131] Gallo R. Virus Hunting. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
[132] Tager A. Preliminary report on the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex with poliomyelitis vaccine(Sabin’s). Dermatologica, 1974;149:253–5.
[133] Centers for Disease Control Task Force on Karposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections. Epidemiological aspects of the current outbreak of Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections. New England Journal of Medicine, 1982;306:252.
[134] Korn P. The New AIDS Mystery. Redbook, July 1994:82.
[135] Painter K. Usual routes of infection ruled out: 12-year-old’s parents blame polio vaccine, but scientists discount that theory. USA Today, March 8, 1994:A1.
[136] Extracted from a copy of the civil tort claim (U.S. District Court, New Jersey).
[137] Seven percent of the AIDS patients in Michigan have no identifiable cause of AIDS. As reported to the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute.
[138] Cowley G. Cannibals to cows: The path of a deadly disease. Newsweek, March 12, 2001:53.
139] Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). FDA, January 23, 2001. [www.fda.gov]
[140] Nature, 1996;381:743–4.
[141] Nature, 1996;383:685–690.
[142] Nature, 1997;389:498–501.
[143] PNAS, 1999;96:15137–242.
[144] Lancet, 1996;347:921–5.
[145] Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. How did people get this new variant of CJD? FDA, January 23, 2001. www.mad-cow.org
[147] Marwick C. FDA calls bovine-based vaccines currently safe. JAMA September 13, 2000. www.jama.ama-assn.org
[148] Mercola J. U.K. recalls polio vaccine over ‘Mad Cow’ fears. October 29, 2000. www.mercola.com
[149] Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. If vaccines are safe, why did the U.K. recall their polio vaccine? FDA, January 23, 2001. www.fda.gov
[150] Hawkes N. BSE fears over polio vaccinations. The Times, October 21, 2000. www.thetimes.co.uk
[151] Figures taken from Department of Health Reports, U.K., October 2, 2000. www.doh.gov.uk
[152] Meikle J. Vaccine fiasco exposes loopholes. Guardian Newspapers Unlimited, October 21, 2000. www.guardianunlimited.co.uk
[153] FDA. Points to consider in the characterization of cell lines used for the production of biologics. The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, December 1993.
[154] Wilcox G. Farm Sanctuary. Proposed rule to ban substances in animal food [Docket No. 96-N-0135] (May 15, 1999). In a letter to the FDA.
[155] Marsh R. Dev Biol Stand, 1993; 80:111–8.
[156] Cutlip RC. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1994; 169:814-20.
[157] Rustigan R, et al. Infection of monkey kidney tissue cultures with virus-like agents. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1955; 88:8–16.
[158] Morris JA, et al. Recovery of cytopathogenic agent from chimpanzees with coryza (22538). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1956;92:544–9.
[159] Scheibner V. Vaccination: 100 Years of Orthodox Research Shows that Vaccines represent a Medical Assault on the Immune System. Blackheath, NSW, Australia: Scheibner Publications, 1993153.
[160] Parrot RH, et al. II. Serological studies over a 34-month period in children with bronchiolitis, pneumonia and minor respiratory diseases. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1961;176(8):653–57.
[161] Chanock RM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus. Journal of the American Medical Association 1961;176(8):647–53.
[162] Hamparian V, et al. Recovery of new viruses (coryza) from cases of common cold in human adults. Proc Soc Exp Med Biol, 1961;108:444–53.
[163] CDC. Respiratory syncytial virus, June 21, 1999. www.cdc.gov
[164] Public Health Laboratory Service. Seasonal diseases: respiratory syncytial virus. March 16, 2000. www.phls.co.uk
[165] The Triplet Connection. RSV—a serious subject. 2000. www.tripletconnection.com
[166] Applied Genetics News. Eat your vaccine, dear. August 2000. www.findarticles.com
[167] Martin J, et al. African green monkey origin of the atypical cytopathic ‘stealth virus’ isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical and Diagnostic Virology, 1995;4:93–103.
[168] Fisher B. Microbiologist issues a challenge to science: did the first oral polio vaccine lots contaminated with monkey viruses create a monkeyhuman hybrid called HIV-1? The Vaccine Reaction, April 1996:3.
[169] Eighth Annual Houston Conference on AIDS in America, 1996.
[170] American Journal of Hygiene, 1958;68:31–44.
[171] Urnovitz HB, et al. Urine Antibody Tests: New Insights into the Dynamics of HIV-1 Infection. Clin Chem. 1999; 45:1602–13.
[172] World Health Organization. Problems with eradicating polio. Science News, November 25, 2000:348.
[173] Reuters Health. Polio outbreak in Dominican Republic and Haiti Caused by vaccine-derived virus. Reuters Medical News. December 4, 2000. www.id.medscape.com
[174] Crainic R, et al. Polio virus with natural recombinant genomes isolated from vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Virology 1993;196:199–208.
[175] Yoshida H, et al. Lancet, October 28, 2000.
[176] Associated Press. Monkey virus stirs debate: should animals be used to produce vaccines? CNN Interactive, January 29, 1997.
[177] In a presentation at a Vaccine Safety Forum Workshop: Institute of Medicine (November 1995).