2. Stylistic morphology *stylistic potentialities of different grammatical categories and parts of speech);
3. Stylistic lexicology (stylistic functions of words, expressive emotive evaluative () potentialities of words and their stylistic reference, etc);
4. Stylistic syntax (expressive potentialities of word order, different types of sentence structures and syntactical ties, etc)
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the principles and the effect of choice and usage of different language elements in rendering (, , ) thought or emotion under different conditions of communication.
Stylistic deals with:
1. the investigations of the inventory of special language media 9) which secure the desirable effct of the utterance stylistic devices (SD) and expressive means (EM).
2. the investigation of certain types of text functional styles of Language (FS).
The words STYLE (stilus, Greek stylos) meant a short stick sharp at one end and flat at the other used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets.
It is a set of characteristic distinguishing one author from another. Style belongs to the plane (, ) of expression and not to the plane of content
Style is specificity of sublanguage.
The notion of NORM refers to the literary language and implies conventionally accepted characteristics of what is evaluated.
e.g. I havent ever done anything. I aint never done nothing, Lass, chicken.
II. The word-stock of a Language can be roughly divided into uneven groups differing from each other by the sphere of its possible use. The word-stock of the English language is divided into three main layers:
1. the literary layer
2. the neutral layer
3. the colloquial layer
Against the background of neutral words we can distinguish two major groups. They are standard colloquial and standard literary. As for literary words they serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, poetic messages. They are mainly observed in the written form of speech. While the colloquial words are employed in non-official everyday communication and their sphere of usage is primary oral.
Both literary and colloquial words are further subdivided into:
1. general (common) and special which in their term are also divided in subgroups. Each of the group serves a narrow specified communicative purpose.
Special literary words:
1. Terms (scientific, technical words) these are words belonging to a specific technical sphere or nomenclature. For instance: teletype, semantics. Terms strive () to be monosemantic.
2. Archaisms (obsolete words): archaisms proper - these are words that we are ousted () by newer synonyms or words. E.g., brethren (brothers)
a. Historisms these are words denoting historical phenomena () which are no more inn use. Vassal, falconet.
b. Poetic words: steed (horse), woe (sorrow)
3. Barbarisms and foreign words (which isnt assimilated!): chic (=stylish); bon mot (=a clever witty saying); en passant (=in passing); ad infinitun (=to infinity)
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4. Neologisms.
Stylistic coinages (nonce-words) these are words made to suit one particular occasion. They are created to designate () some insignificant subjective idea or evaluation of a thing of phenomena.
-tomatorama, bananarama (a sensational sale of bananas, tomatoes);
-blends such as avigation (aviation+navigation), rockoon (rocket+balloon)
Nonce-words ( )
Neologisms coined by contractions and abbreviations: TRUD (time remaining until drive)
Special colloquial words:
1. Slang these are words which are often regarded as a violation () of the norms. Governer (father), bread-basket (stomach), rot (nonsense). These words are highly emotive and expressive but they may lose they originality very fast and may be replaced by newer words an expressions.
2. Jargonisms are words marked by they use within a particular social group and baring a secret character. (grease monaey, loaf head) They standing close to slangisms and being expressive and substandard shouldnt be confused as jargonisms are used by limited groups of people, united either professionally or socially. Unlike slang, jargon covers a narrow semantic field.
3. Professionalisms are words used in narrow groups bound by the same occupation (tin-fish=submarine, block-buster=bomb, piper decorative specialist)
Professionalisms are formed according to the existing word formations patterns (models) or they may present existing words in new meaning. So they offer a vast variety of synonyms.
4. Dialectisms are words devoid of any stylistic meaning in the regional dialects, but used outside them they carry a strong flavor of the locality they belong to. In GB 4 major dialects are distinguished:
a) northern
b) southern
c) midland (central)
d) lowland Scotch
In the USA there are 3 varieties:
a) new England
b) southern
c) midwesten
Dialects differ on the phonetic level one and the same sound may be pronounced differently. They may also differ on the lexical level having their own names for locally existing phenomena and supplying locally circulating synonyms for the words accepted by the language in general.
5. Vulgarisms are words defined as coarse words that are not generally used in public. They have a strong emotive meaning mostly derogatory (). The history of vulgarisms reflects the history of social ethics of some people.
- expletives (-) and swear words of an abusive character (goddamn)
- obscene words (four-letter words banned in any form of intercourse of communication as being indecent.
6. Colloquial coinages: they are spontaneous and not fixed in dictionaries they disappear from the language without a trace. They are special formations coined for an exact occasion
