Case the change of a form of a noun to denote grammatical relations to other parts of a sentence.
English nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless things) have 2 cases, an uniflected form called the common case and inflected for the genitive () case.
The genitive case fall under: the Dependent genitive and the absolute genitive.
Dependent Genitive. There are a number of genitive constructions which are classified according to different criterion:
1) dependence:
Dependent: students answer. Independent (absolute): This students was the best answer.
2)number of constituents ()
Single word Genitive: boys bike
Double Genitive: My fathers pipe
Triple Genitive: brothers friends brides hat
Groups Genitive: Prince of Denmarks kingdom
3) Semantic relations between Ns N:
- possessive Genitive my sons bike (My son has a bike)
- agentive (subjective) Genitive: the boys applications=>the boy applied
-objective genitive: the boys expulsion=>the boy was expelled
-ambiguous genitive: the writers invitation (writer invites subjective. The writer was invited objective)
-Genitive of origin:: the girls story=>the story told by the girl
-descriptive Genitive: a mothers love
-genitive of destination: childrens room
-genitive of extend: days work
-Temporal () genitive: a mitutes success
-Genitive of measure: the absence of 2 days.
All these synthetic genitive can be replaced by analytical genitives (Francias vine synthetic, Vine of France analytical form)
Absolute genitive (independent) without noun.
Anaphorical genitive (used instead of a noun and represents the noun previously used to avoid repetition). Render on (, ) to Caesar those things which are Gods.
Even the double genititve can be used anophorically. A voice a housekeepers husbands shouted.
The partitive () genitive:
An opera of Verdys=>one of the Verdys opera
The local genitive: I met him at my aunts=?at my aunts place
Lecture 3. Sentence: General
Plan:
1. Syntax: types of syntax
2. Definition of a sentence
3. Classification of a sentence
Syntax studies how words are combined into phrases and simple sentences, how simple sentences are combined into compound () and complex() sentences and how supraphrasal (text) units are organized and generated.
The domain of syntax is the syntagmatics of words, phrases and sentences, their arrangement combinability and function.
Types of syntax:
1. Traditional syntax. Its sentential. Its primary concerned is a sentence and its grammatical organization.
2. Hypersyntax. It goes beyond the border of the sentence into discourse or text. It studies the structure, generation ( ), cohesion () of discourse (its structural semantic and communicative completeness)
3. Pre-suppositional syntax (describes semantic implications (). It means that a sentence presupposes another sentence. Bill is tall but he cant play basketball (Its implied that all tall guys can play basketball. I rang him, but he was out (its implied that I came to the phone picked up the handset, dilate (?) the number).
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4. Logical-semantic syntax. It studies the semantic structure of a sentence which is described in terms of proposition, argument, predicate and a number of deep-cases ( _). A hammer broke the window (a hammer instrumental case). I have the flu (a patient case).
5. Functional-communicative syntax is concerned with the functional sentence perspective or communicative dynamism. It means distribution of information among the elements of a sentence into given and new information.
6. Paradigmatic syntax. It studies a paradigm of the sentence which is constituted by all possible transformations of a sentence (when the kernel sentence is transformed we deal with syntactical paradigm). He has a car/She has a car/She had a car Al these sentence constitute the paradigm.
7. Structural syntax studied bare structure disregarding ambiguity () implicit relations and complexity of relations in discourse.
8. Transformational generative syntax. It studies the relations between the surface and deep structures. It operates with transformational analysis. The invitation of the writer surprises me (the writer invited somebody or writer was invited?)
