:
l → + + l- H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42-
pH :
1)
[+] = ; = -lg[H+] = -lg C;
2)
[+] = 2 ; = -lg[H+] = -lg2 C.
. pH 0,1 l.
= -lg[H+] = -lg CHCl = -lg 0,1 = 1,0.
. () ( ).
D + + -; = [H+][A-]/[]; = -lg .
( ). , 3O4 ( ) 2O4-, 42-, 43-:
pH . D + + - [+] = [-], [] = - [+] ≈ ,
[+] = .
= ½ (p Ka lg C).
pH ( ) 1, pH.
.
NaOH() → Na+ + -; ()2 → 2+ + 2-
pH :
1)
= -lg[OH-] = -lg C; pH = 14 ;
2)
= -lg[OH-] = -lg2 C; pH = 14 .
. () (p b). , (K(BH+)), ((BH+)).
+ 2O D + + -; b = -lg b,
+ D + + p K (BH+) = -lg (+).
b = 14 p K (BH+).
. b.
Fe(OH)3 D Fe(OH)2+ + - α1, b1;
Fe(OH)2+ D Fe(OH)2+ + - α2, b2;
Fe(OH)2+ D Fe3+ + - α3, b3;
α1 >> α2 >> α3; b 1 >> b 2 >> b 3.
pH . [-] = [+]
[] = C - [+] ≈ C;
[O-] = .
O = ½ (p K b lg C B);
pH = 14 pOH = 14 ½(p Kb lg CB).
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pH = ½(14 + p K (BH+) + lg CB)
pH , .
() , , -. 2O, Zn(OH)2, l()3, r()3 .
Zn(OH)2
2O- + Zn2+ + 22O D Zn(OH)2 + 22 [Zn(OH)4]2- + 2+
. ( , , u1+ Hg+1).
, (NH4+) :
(NH4)2SO4 D 2NH4+ + SO42-; Na3PO4 D 3Na+ + PO43-.
. , :
KHSO3 D + + HSO3- ();
HSO3- D + + SO32- ().
, -:
Mg(OH)Cl D Mg(OH)+ + l- ();
Mg(OH)+ D Mg2+ + - ().
, , , . .
, . :
CH3COOH + NH3 D CH3COO- + NH4+
, [+],
, .
+ + - D 2O
, . K(H2O) 1,0 10-14,
, .
, . . , , , . , .
.
.
1. , , NaCl, K2S4, , :
2() D + + -
, pH = 7.
2. , (NH4Cl, CuS4), . , NH4Cl :
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NH4+ + 2O D NH3 2O + +
2() D + + -
. , pH < 7.
3. , (NaF, K2SO3), . , NaF
F- + 2O D HF + -
2() D + + -
. , pH > 7.
(NaHCO3, 2O4; 2O4 ..) . , NaHCO3
3- + 2 D 23 + -
3- D 32- + +
2() D + + -
, () pH , .
4. , , CH3COONH4, (NH4)2SO3, . , CH3COONH4 :
3- + 2 D 3 + -
NH4+ + 2 D NH3 2 + +
2() D + + -
, , :
Al2S3 + 62O D 2l()3↓ + 3H2S↑
pH .
. . , , .