1. The energy (для) a nuclear power plant comes (из) the heat releases (вовремя) fissioning of uranium (в) a nuclear reactor.
2. There are two main differences (между) a nuclear power plant a stream-electric power plant. The nuclear power plant uses a nuclear fuel (вместо) a fossil fuel, and it uses a reactor (вместо) a boiler.
3. (Из-за) their high consumption gas turbines are more expensive to operate than stream turbines.
4. The radioactive pollution produced (в) a reactor has all there forms: gaseous, liquid and solid.
5. The beta particles are dangerous for man (таккак) they penetrate deep (в) the matter.
6. Pump-turbine units are used (какдля) pumping the water (такидля) driving electric generators.
Ex.4. Think of questions about the following sentences:
1. The first central electric power station was installed in 1882.
When_______________________________________________?
What station__________________________________________?
2. Radioactive wastes damage man and his generation.
Who (m)_____________________________________________?
What wastes__________________________________________?
3. The use of water power and wind power began more than 2,000 years ago.
The use of what kind of power____________________________?
When________________________________________________?
4. The cooling water is drawn from a source and passed through the condenser.
What kind of water_____________________________________?
What_____________________________________________from?
What__________________________________________through?
Ex.5. Choose the correct form:
1. One can (reduce, be reduced) heat losses in a transmission line.
2. Heat losses should (reduce, be reduced) constantly and effectively.
3. The output of machinery is steadily being (increasing, increased).
4. Man has been constantly (increasing, increased) the output of machinery.
5. The man principles of energy production has (being, been) know to science for a long time.
6. The energy industry (undergoes, is undergoing) considerable development.
7. Development of nuclear power plants foe civil use (began, has began) in the mid-1950s.
II. Reading
Ex.6. Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
Nuclear Power Plants
The energy for operating a nuclear power plant comes from the heat released during the fissioning of uranium or plutonium atoms is a nuclear reactor. This fission heat is used to generate steam, which drives a turbine generator. Thus, they are two main differences between a nuclear power plant and a stream-electric power plant: The nuclear power plant uses a nuclear fuel instead a fossil fuel, and it uses a reactor instead of a boiler.
The fissioning uranium - 235 or plutonium-239 atoms – atoms the primary nuclear fuels – is caused by the impacts of neutrons of these atoms. The fissioning process not only produced heat but also several additional neutrons that can cause fissioning of other uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atoms. Thus, by proper arrangement of the atoms of the fuel, a sustained chain reaction can be maintained to provide a steady source for heat for operating a power plant. This chain reaction is controlled by regulating the number and the energy of the neutrons as they proceed from one fission reaction to another.
There are various types of nuclear reactors. The major differences between them are the form of the fuel, the methods for controlling the number and energy of the neutrons, and the type of liquid or gas used to remove the heat from the reactor core.
1. What does the energy come from?
2. What are the major differences between nuclear reactors?
Ex.7. Read the text and find in them the answers to the questions that follow.
Windscale Accident.
Throughout the years, accidents causing a release of radioactive material to the environment have occurred. Since World War II all over the world large scale nuclear facilities have been built and operated both for civil and defense purposes. Some of the sites on which these facilities were located re heavily contaminated with radioactive substances.
One the first nuclear reactor accidents of environmental concern was the Windscale accident in October 1957. During the accident the military air- cooled graphite-moderated natural-uranium reactor used for plutonium production caught fire during liberation of energy in the graphite. Emission from the Windscale lasted for 18 hours. Radioactive material was detectable in many parts of Western Europe but the majority of it was deposited in the United Kingdom.
1. How long did the emission from the Windscale reactor last?
2. What did the emission result in?
III. Speaking
Ex. 8. Answer the questions:
What is the structure of any letter?
What are the rules of letter writing? Enumerate them.
What words and language do we use while writing informal letters?
