1. The energy () a nuclear power plant comes () the heat releases () fissioning of uranium () a nuclear reactor.
2. There are two main differences () a nuclear power plant a stream-electric power plant. The nuclear power plant uses a nuclear fuel () a fossil fuel, and it uses a reactor () a boiler.
3. (-) their high consumption gas turbines are more expensive to operate than stream turbines.
Ex.5. Choose the correct form:
1. One can (reduce, be reduced) heat losses in a transmission line.
2. Heat losses should (reduce, be reduced) constantly and effectively.
3. The output of machinery is steadily being (increasing, increased).
II. Reading
Ex.6. Read the text an answers the questions that follow.
Nuclear Power Plants
The energy for operating a nuclear power plant comes from the heat released during the fissioning of uranium or plutonium atoms is a nuclear reactor. This fission heat is used to generate steam, which drives a turbine generator. Thus, they are two main differences between a nuclear power plant and a stream-electric power plant: The nuclear power plant uses a nuclear fuel instead a fossil fuel, and it uses a reactor instead of a boiler.
The fissioning uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atoms atoms the primary nuclear fuels is caused by the impacts of neutrons of these atoms. The fissioning process not only produced heat but also several additional neutrons that can cause fissioning of other uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atoms. Thus, by proper arrangement of the atoms of the fuel, a sustained chain reaction can be maintained to provide a steady source for heat for operating a power plant. This chain reaction is controlled by regulating the number and the energy of the neutrons as they procced from one fission reaction to another.
There are various types of nuclear reactors. The major differences between them are the form of the fuel, the methods for controlling the number and energy of the neutrons, and the type of liquid or gas used to remove the heat from the reactor core.
1. What does the energy come from?
2. What are the major differences between nuclear reactors?
Ex.7. Read the text and entitle it:
It is well known that the quick development of electronics began with the invention of transistors. They replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the main advantages of the transistors in comparison with the vacuum tube is absence of filament power loss. One of the principal causes of damages in electronic circuitry is high temperature. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence. The transistor, on the other hand, does not heat its surroundings.
Another advantage of the transistor is its long life. The life of the average transistor is more than ten thousand operating hours. Because of its long lifetime and ruggedness, the transistor is very reliable and has much better efficiency in professional equipment.
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III. Speaking
Ex.8. You are talking to a specialist. Ask him questions.
Example. What/to be/used/for/a cell? You: What is a cell used for?
1. does/ What/ consist/ a sell/ of?
2. resistors / to be / How / rated?
3. does / get open / When / a resistor?
4. What / to be / user for / the ohmmeter?
5. result / a trouble / in a branch / What / does?
Ex.9. Answer the questions:
1) What were the most important facts for the development of electronics?
2) Why could not early transistors satisfy the needs of the growing high0spedd computers industry?
3) What is the major difference between electronic systems and microelectronic devices?
IV. Writing
Ex.10. Write the essay on the topic Computer role in todays life.
:
1. .. , .. : : : . .- .: ..,1990.- 159 .: .
2. .. . : . .-.: ..,1991.-140 .
3. .. : .- 3- .- .: ; .: ,2004.-480 .
4. .. . 1-2 . .: ̲, 2007. 148 c.
5. Eric H.Glendinning John Mc Ewan Oxford English for Electronics.- Oxford Univercity Press, 1996.
6. Hashemi L., Murphy R. English Grammar in Use: Supplementary Exercises / L. Hashemi, R. Murphy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 126 p.
7. Stuart Redman. English Vocabulary in Use Pre-intermediate and Intermediate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 263
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I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Ex.1. Translate into Russian:
Processor, memory storage, chip, smart, ROM, the ability of a computer, software, to locate, card, to manage, input, output, digital signal processor, concurrent process device, disk drive, to tie, built-in, pathway, difference, to supervise, to refer, routine, integer software emulation, floating-point, precision, emulation, socket, series, compatible.
Ex.2. Match:
| 1 peripheral | A the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists |
| 2 aim | B of secondary or minor importance; marginal |
| 3 expansion | C consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate |
| 4 complicated | D the action of becoming larger or more extensive |
| 5 To handle | E feel or manipulate with the hands |
Ex.3. Translate the words:
Technical literature, science, scientific, principles of translation, a certified translation, Transliteration, transcription, Loan translation, Descriptive translation, translation of terms, lexical polysemy, attributive terminological phrases, grammatical structure, lexicology, a way, a method, a patent, an instruction, an annotation, a citing.
II. Reading
Ex.4. Read the text, translate 1, 2, 3 paragraphs in written form, and complete the task after it.
Laser
In the "War of Worlds" written before the turn of the century H. Wells told a fantastic story of how Martians almost invaded our Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious "sword of heat". Today Wells' sword of heat has come to reality in the laser. The name stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
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Laser, one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, produces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It represents the fulfilment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams of technology to provide a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance on earth. There is no material unamenable to laser treatment and by the end of 2000 laser will have become one of the main technological tools.
The applications of laser in industry and science are so many and so varied as to suggest magic. Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big technological discoveries of the second half of the 20-th century - laser and thermonuclear reaction - to produce a practically limitless source of energy. Physicists of this country have developed large laser installations to conduct physical experiments in heating thermonuclear fuel with laser beams. There also exists an idea to use laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. According to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approximately a thousand-millionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice scientists and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties are to be encountered on route4.
The laser's most important potential may be its use in communications. The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam, vibrating a billion times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio, TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just a fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance communicat-ion and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the surface of the Moon or to planets in the solar system. Projects have also been suggested to place lasers aboard Earth satellites nearer to the Sun in order to trans-form the solar radiation into laser beams, with this transformed energy subsequently transmitted to the Earth or to other space bodies. These projects have not yet been put into effect, because of the great technolo-gical difficulties to be overcome and therefore the great cost involved. But there is no doubt that in time these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.
Answer the questions according to the text: What is this text about? 2. What does the word laser mean? 3. What is a laser, is it a device or a phenomenon?
Ex.5. Consider these statements be true or false (according to the text):
1. Laser means light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. 2. Laser produces an intensive beam of light. 3. In the next few years laser will become one of the main technological tools. 4. Martians almost invaded the Earth before the turn of the last century. 5. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a limited source of energy. 6. The laser beam heats the fuel so quickly that the plasma disintegrates. 7. There are projects to transform lunar radiation into beams. 8. The laser beam will begin operating in outer space.
