( )
. ( .1.3 ). . , ( ) , .
H (), , H-.
. 1.3
() + :
I R, ;
I R1, - .
, I=I+I.
R1 R2. I. , R1 R2, R2.
I, R, U=IݷR.
R2 UR2=IķR2. U. - U=U U=IķR2IݷR.
U R. R1 R2 I>>I. I=(510)I U=IķR2=const.
.
- I↑, I↑,
R.
U↑=I↑R,
U↑ U' =U+∆U
U
U ↓ = U U' =UU↑.
U↓
I↓,
I↓
I↓.
: I↓→I↓→ U↓→U↑→I↑→I↑.
: , , - . I. I.
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. R1 R2, R . , , , , , R , . [4]
R=R h21/10, (1.1)
R - R1 R2.
(.1.3) . , .1.4. [6]
=ʷR2/(R1 + R2), (1.2)
R=R1R2/ (R1 + R2).
.1.4 , .
, .1.4.,
=IR + U + IݷR.
ί= ί h21 + I [7] I. I=h21I.
I= I(1+h21),
I=(E U)/[R+(1+h21)R], (1.3)
I=h21(E U)/[R +(1+h21)R]. (1.4)
:
1. R.
2. .
1020% . /2 ( E U). R U , , . U < U < , R U < .
3. , R.
4. h21 .
5. (1.2), R .
6. R R1 =R/,
R2=R*R1/(R1R).
. .5 .6 I=(510)* I,
I=I/h21, U=U+U, :
R1=(E-U)/(I+I), R2=U/I.
, , . 1.
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. 6, 12, 24. . 10 n, n - . 20% ( 6), 10% ( 12), 5% ( 24).
.1
E 6 | E 12 | E 24 | E 6 | E 12 | E 24 | E 6 | E 12 | E 24 |
1,0 1,5 | 1,0 1,2 1,5 1,8 | 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,5 1,6 1,8 2,0 | 2,2 3,3 | 2,2 2,4 2,7 3,3 3,9 | 2,2 2,4 2,7 3,0 3,3 3,6 3,9 4,3 | 4,7 6,8 | 4,7 5,6 6,8 8,2 | 4,7 5,1 5,6 6,2 6,8 7,5 8,2 9,1 |
1.1 .1.3
: =12, R=2, h21=150
: U. , U=9. R URK = U=12 9=3.
:
I=UR/R=3/2=1,5.
:
I= I (1+h21)/h21=1,5(101/100)=1,515.
:
I=I/h21=1,5/150=10.
U=1,7, U=UʖU==91,7=7,3
R=U/I= 1,7/1,515=1,12.
(1.2)
R=Rh21/10=1,12 150/10=16,8
=U + U + IR=1,7 + 0,7 + 10 16,8 = 2,568,
R1= R/ = 16,8 12/2,568 = 56,
R2 = R/ (1/) = 16,8/ (12,568/12) = 13,2.
i=f(u) . Ÿ U= 0,7, I =10.
i=f(u)
U=7,3, I=1,5.
1.2 (. 1.3)
:(U=6, I=2) E=12, h21=150
:
U=0,2E=0,212=2,4,
U=U+U=2,4+6=8,4,
UR=E U=128,4=3,6.
R=UR/I=3,6/2=1,8 ,
R=U/I≈U/I≈2,4/2=1,2.
:
R=Rݷh21/10=1,2150/10=18,
I=I/h21=2/150=13,
=U+U+IR=2,4+0,7+1318=3,34,
R1=RE/E=1812/3,34=64,67,
R2=R*R1/(R1R)=18*64,67/(64,6718)=24,97.
1.3 .1: R=1.2 , R=1,8 , R1=62 , R2=24 .
1.3
: 1.2.
: I=10*I, I=I/h21=2/150=0,013 , I=10*0,013=0,13 .
U = U+U =2,4+0,7=3,1
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R2=U/I=3,1/0,13=23,84 ,
R1=(E-U)/(I+I)=
(12-3,1)/(0,13+0,013)=60,95
R1 R2 1.2.
v Fastmean.
Fastmean , . () , . ( 1).
3 :
1. (, , );
2. ;
3. (, , , , ).
1.2 (U=6, I=2) =12, h21=150 .
, , (), .1.5, .
. 1.5,
.
h21- (). , h21 h21.
h21 .
.
H21 ≈ h21.
H11- , H11=U/I.
. 1.5,
H11
h11,
.
. 1.5,
1.4 .
: -355
h21 = 80300.
1.2 I=13
: h21
, ,
.
h21 = 150.
U = 0,7,
H11=U/ I =0,7/13=53,85
. 1.6
.1.6 1.4
Fastmean, . ⒒, .
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, h21 (
h21= 150/).
1.2, , .1.7
.1.7 1.2
, .
Y.
, , - . :
1 t I(R4)
2 t U(4)-U(5)
3 t U(R4)
.1.8
t,
.1.8 1.2.
, ,
. 1.2 (U=6, I=2).
.
, (.1.4) = I [R+ (1 + h21)R] + U.
,
, y=+. [8]: I=0 U=0
I=0 U=, (. 1,) (; 0)
U=0 I(Y)=E/[R+(1+h21)R], 頠
Y (0; I(Y)).
1.5
: 1.2 1.3
:
(3,34; 0). 1.2
E=3,34. .1.7
R= R1*R2/(R1 + R2)=
62*24/(62+24)=17.3 .
U = 0 I(Y)=E/[R+(1+h21)R]=
=3,34/[17.3+(1+150)1,2]=16,8.
Y (0; 16,8).
|
.1.9 .
1.9 . U (0,7; 13), 1.2 1.3
, ί U . ί =ƒ(U ) U ≠ 0 [8]. : U =0 U ≠ 0 ( 5B). , , U ≠ 0 (. 1.1,).
1.6 1.5 h21=80 h21=300.
: 1.2 1.3
:
1. h21=80
U=0 I(Y) = 3,34/[17.3+(1+80)1,2]=29
Y (0; 29), (3,34 ; 0)
I=(E U)/[R+Rݷ(1+h21)]=
(3,340,7)/[17.3+(1+80)1,2]=23.
1 (0,7; 23).
2. h21=300
Y (0; 8,8), (3,34; 0)
2 (0,7; 6,97).
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.1.10 , 1. 6 1.5. - .1.9
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.1.10 h21
(.1.1) , , =IʷR+U+IݷR. , y=+. :
I= U/[R+Rݷ(1+h21)/h21] + E/[R+Rݷ(1+h21)/h21].
X (.1.1) I=0, (; 0). Y U=0, (0; I(Y)),
I(Y)= /[R + Rݷ(1+h21)/h21].
1.7
: 1.2 1.3
:: (12; 0).
Y
(0, I(Y)=12/[1,8+1,2 151/150] =3,989).
1.2
(U=6; I=2).
1.11 1.7
|
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|
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.1.11 .
1.8 h21=80 h21=300.
: 1.7
:
1. h21=80
(12; 0), Y (0; 3,989), (1+h21)/h21≈1.
1. 7. I(Y)≈E/(R+R).
I1=23 1. 6.
I1=I1h211=23 80=1,84,
I1=(1+h211)I1/h211=(1+80) 1,84/80=1,86,
U= [R I1 + I1R]=12 [1.8 1,84 + 1,86 1,2]=6,45.
1 (6,45; 1,84).
2. h21=300
. :
I2=I2 h212=6,97 300=2,09.
h21 I ≈ I,
U2 ≈ I2 (R + R)= 12 2,09 (1.8 + 1,2) ≈ 5,7.
2 (5,7 ; 2,09).
.1.12 h21 1.6-- 1.8.
.1.12 1.6 1. 8.
1.10 1.12 . , h21 I . h21 10%. . 1.10 , h21 , h21 . -, . U=0,7.
, I , 0,7. , -. , , , h 21 . . ( ). . U h 21 .