.: Married! She is not old enough to get married. She is only seventeen. Who does she want to marry? A.: Marc Wilson.
5 W. S. Maugham. Liza of Lambeth.
.: Marc Wilson! I can't believe. He is too old for her. He is over 40!
A.: I know, but she loves him and doesn't want to listen to anybody.
23. Suggest your questions for the following answers.
| Model: Do you like your new flat? - Yes, it's much better than the old one. | ||
| It's just the same as before. | It's very similar to how it was before. | |
| They are completely different from before. | ||
| The house is much more expensive than the flat. | ||
| It's not as cheap as it used to be. | ||
| The furniture in the flat is a bit worse than the furniture in the house. | ||
| They are more or less the same as before. | ||
| The house is a lot quieter than the flat. | ||
24. Choose the correct word in brackets. Give a brief account of the conversation.
It Tasted Delicious
Sally: What did you think of the meal at Sarah's dinner party last night?
Jane: Oh, er (delicious/attractive) I thought it tasted really quite.
Sally: Oh, yes, indeed. I thought Sarah had gone to a lot of trouble to prepare everything (good/well) on the whole.
Jane: Oh, indeed (good/well) Although perhaps the soup tasted a little too savoury/salty (good/well) but then it smelt very.
Sally: (handsome/excellent) and perhaps pheasant was underdone (handsome/excellent) but then it looked (handsome/excellent).
Jane: Indeed! And the fish was rather (rotten/unappetizing).
Sally: And the bread rolls felt (hard/tough).
Jane: And the red wine tasted (over-ripe/sharp).
Sally: And the champagne tasted too (sweet/pleasant) and (hot/warm) although the bottle felt (well/cold) enough.
Jane: And the strawberry gateau tasted (terrible/ugly) although it looked (appealing/inviting).
Sally: And the cheese smelled (strong/hard) although it didn't look (stale/out of date).
Jane: And the coffee tasted (sour/bitter).
Sally: And the fresh cream seemed (sour/bitter).
Jane: And my stomach feels (sick/awful) this morning!
Sally: So does mine... But then, as I said, Sarah had taken trouble to prepare everything (good/well) on the whole
Jane: Oh, indeed! As I said, the meal tasted quite (inviting/
delicious) all in all... Sally: In fact I shall ring Sarah up and tell her how much we
enjoyed it! Jane: Yes! Excellent idea! So shall I!
25. Read the text and say what helps you to become better and more confident in life.
Better than before
David is a shy young man. He recently completed a public speaking club and he is very happy with the results. His family has noticed that he is speaking louder, more clearly and more confidently than before. His boss has noticed that he is more effective in his work. All his friends tell him that he is friendlier and more outgoing than before.
David is feeling much better about himself these days. He has noticed that he is more comfortable when he speaks with people and he is even enjoying himself much more at parties. Now he is recommending public speaking class to everybody he knows.
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26. Read the advertisement and the text given below: Come to the Seaside Resort Hotel
| Enjoy our: Clean and beautiful beach! Clear and warm ocean water! Spacious and comfortable rooms! | Delicious food! Friendly and helpful hotel staff! Entertaining nightclub show! A beautiful indoor pool! |
Come and Stay with Us!
We promise you'll have a wonderful vacation by the sea.
Seaside Resort Hotel. Sunnyville, Florida
The Seaside Resort Hotel
Eden and Mark read the advertisement in our newspapers and took a vacation last month at the Seaside Resort Hotel. They were very pleased with the hotel and had a wonderful time on their vacation.
The beach was the cleanest and most beautiful they've ever seen. The ocean water was the clearest and the warmest they've ever swum in. Their room was the most spacious and the most comfortable they have ever stayed in. The food was the most delicious they have ever eaten. The Hotel staff was the friendliest and the most helpful they've ever encountered. And the nightclub show was the most entertaining they have ever been to.
Eden and Mark really enjoyed themselves at the Seaside Resort Hotel. It was the best vacation they have ever taken.
Task: Describe the vacation you remember best of all and say if advertising has ever helped you in choosing the place of rest.
27. Read and retell the following texts:
Faster than Sound
Once a year a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars had entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excite-
ment just before it began. One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz, which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! A few cars however, completed the race.
The winning car reached a speed of 40 miles an hour -much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.
The Crystal Palace
Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display.
The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nas-myth's steam hammer. Though in those days travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.
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Tokyo
Tokyo is an ugly city. There are hardly any beautiful or even good buildings; there are very few parks; there are no mountains or even hills inside or outside the city; there is no green belt;
there are few monuments worth looking at; the air pollution is terrifying' the noise deafening; the traffic murderous.
But not all is bad in Tokyo. There are a few good buildings and impressive temples; there are a few parks worth visiting. And the overcrowding, the lack of space, has one advantage, pleasing at least to the eye. Everything has to be small in Tokyo: houses, rooms, shops - even people. Many long streets consist of tiny houses only, and this often creates a toy-like, unreal impression, with small women tip-toeing along in their kimonos and equally small men sitting, motionless, inside their tiny shops.
Tokyo at night is a very different place from Tokyo in daytime. Millions of neon sings are switched on and nowhere in the world are they more attractive, than here. The cafes, bars and nightclubs, Chinese restaurants and Korean barbecues, theatres, cinemas, and many other establishments open their doors. This wild nightlife goes on and on and on - until 10.30 at night. Some nightclubs stay open until much later, but they are exceptions. By 11 pm (earlier on Sundays) everything is over, everyone is at home and in bed.
A town is not its buildings alone; it is an atmosphere, its feelings, its pleasures, its sadness, its madness, its disappointments and above all its people. Tokyo may lack architectural beauty but it has character and excitement: it is alive. I found it a mysterious city.
The Morning Star
Venus is our closest neighbour among other planets of the solar system. It is also one of our most interesting, cosmic neighbours. There is hardly a person who hasn't observed the brilliance of Venus at daybreak or at sunset. Since time immemorial this planet has been known as the Morning Star.
Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun, and is separated from it by approximately 108 million kilometres (two-thirds the distance from the Earth to the Sun). This is why we
always observe Venus in the sky close to the Sun and can watch it either in the evening at sunset or in the morning before sunrise. Venus is an extraordinary bright planet. No other planet is so bright as this one. Its brilliance is 13 times that of the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius.
Since long ago Venus has attracted the attention of astronomers. The fact is that the planet is generally shrouded in a dense layer of clouds which makes observation by means of an ordinary telescope extremely difficult. This is why Venus is sometimes called the "Planet of Mystery".
The atmosphere on Venus was discovered in 1761 by Mikhail Lomonosov. Lomonosov's discovery played an important role in the study of Venus and, as a matter of fact, laid the beginning for research into the physical properties of the planets of the solar system. The study of Venus through optical telescopes which gave a visual picture has led to a number of fundamental discoveries.
How to Guess Your Age
Everything was better when we were younger. It seems to me that they are building staircases steeper than they used to be. May be this is because it is so much farther today from the fust to the second floor, but I've noticed it is getting harder to make two steps at a time any more.
Another thing I've noticed is the small print they are using lately. Newspapers are getting farther and farther away when I hold them.... Everything is farther than it used to be. It's twice the distance from my house to the station now. The trains leave sooner, too. I've given up running for them because they start faster these days when I try catch them.
A lot of other things are different lately. Revolving doors revolve much faster than they used to. I let a couple of openings go past me before I jump in. It's the same with golf, I'm giving it up because these modern golf balls they sell are so hard to pick up.
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Even the weather is changing. It's colder in winter and the summers are hotter than they used to be. Snow is heavier when I try to shovel it, and I put on rubbers whenever I go out, because rain today is wetter than the rain we used to get. Draughts are more severe, too. It must be the way they build windows now.
People are changing too. They seem to be more polite than in my time. They call me "Sir" and help me cross streets.
While I was shaving this morning, I stopped for a moment and looked at my own reflection in the mirror. They don't seem to use the same kind of glass in mirrors any more.
28. Give the Russian equivalents to the following proverbs. Use them in the situations of your own.
1. Among the blind the one-eyed man is a king.
2. Appearances are deceptive.
3. Best defense is attack.
4. The devil is not so black as he is painted.
5. Dry bread at home is better then roast meat abroad.
6. False friends are worse than open enemies.
7. Fortune favours the brave.
8. Fortune favours the fool.
9. Gifts from enemies are dangerous.
10. Great talkers are little doers.
11. A good face is a letter of recommendation.
12. New Lords - new laws.
13. Of two evils choose the least.
14. Two heads are better than one.
15. Still waters run deep.
16. A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is as old as she looks.
The Adverb
The adverb is a part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality.
Kinds of Adverb
Manner happily, quickly, well, fast, hard, bravely, etc.
Place here, there, near, up, down, inside, outside, etc.
Time now, soon, still, then, yet, today, yesterday,
tomorrow, etc.
Frequency often, always, usually, never, occasionally,
twice, etc.
Degree, very, too, much, little, hardly, rather, quite,
Measure and firstly, secondly, enough, nearly, almost, etc.
quantity
Cause and therefore, accordingly, consequently, etc.
consequences
Interrogative, Where? When? Why? How? etc.
Relative and (to introduce subordinate clauses): when,
conjunctive where, why, however, besides, yet, still, etc.
The majority of adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective: slow-slowly, heavy-heavily, beautiful-beautifully;
The adjectives warmly, coldly, deeply, happily are used mainly
of feelings.
She was smiling happily. He was deeply offended.
The following adjectives do not change at all when used as an adverb: fast, hard, high, early, late, better, best, long, little, much, last, wide, worse, far, near, daily, right, straight, wrong, still, low, etc. Compare:
He is a fast driver. He usually drives fast.
We had a late supper. We came home late.
It was a very hard question. We worked hard.
Some of the adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding -ly, but in these cases the meaning changes:
hardly I've hardly seen her today. (= almost not)
highly / can highly recommend it. (= very much)
lately Have you been to the cinema lately? (= recently)
lastly And lastly, I want you to sign this letter. (= finally)
widely She has travelled widely. (= to many different places)
nearly I'm nearly ready. (= almost)
Some adjectives already end in -ly: friendly, lovely, silly, cowardly. If you want to use these words as adverbs, you have to say in a... way/manner:
She spoke to me in a friendly way.
He acted in a very silly manner. The same is true for three or more syllables.
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He talks in such a fascinating way.
Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.
| one syllable adverbs | fast - faster - fastest, |
| and early: | soon - sooner - soonest |
| early - earlier - earliest | |
| adverbs in -ly by | beautifully - more beautifully - |
| means of more and | most beautifully |
| most: | carefully - more carefully - most carefully |
| slowly - more slowly - most slowly; | |
| Also: | often - more often - most often |
| Irregular adverbs: | well - better - best, |
| badly - worse - worst, | |
| much - more - most | |
| little - less - least, | |
| far - father/further - farthest/furthest |
NOTES:
1) You can use -er, -est with the adverbs often, quickly, slowly.
2) If an adverb in the superlative degree is followed by of-phrase, it can be used with the definite article or without it (in the meaning , , , etc.)
Haroun Tazieff went (the) furthest of all scientist in
studying active volcanoes. But a superlative (without the) + of all is quite common.
He likes drawing best of all.
When there is no of-phrase in the sentence we don't use article with the superlative degree (in the meaning , , , etc.)
comes home latest on Saturday and leaves home
earliest on Monday.
Mr. Fisher arrived early. He arrived earlier than expected. He arrived (the) earliest of all.
I often used to travel. I used to travel more often in my
previous work.
In my new job I travel most often in winter.
Who laughs last laughs longest.
Constructions with superlatives
Like adjectives, adverbs can be used in constructions with comparisons:
as... as and not as/so...as (with the positive form) than with the comparative form the + comparative the + comparative.
Will it cost 100$? - No, it won't cost as much as that.
ft will cost less than 100$.
I will buy it. - The sooner the better for you.
Word order
Adverbs generally go after the verb.
The birds sang merrily after the silent days of winter. When the children heard the music, they came near. How did I do in the test? - You did very well.
gut we usually put the adverbs: usually, always, also, often, seldom, never, almost, probably, nearly, just, already, sometimes, hardly, quite before a verb, but after be or an auxiliary verb.
He often goes to work by car.
I don't usually stay at home on Sundays.
I have never been to the Far East.
You are always late.
We also use adverbs before adjectives, other adverbs, before Participle.
Sometimes we use them to modify the whole sentence.
I'm terribly sorry, (adverb + adjective)
He did it very quickly, (adverb + adverb)
The conference was badly organized, (adverb
+Participle II)
Fortunately nobody was injured in the crash.
verb + object + adverb or adverb + verb + object
We can say: / translated this text easily. or: / easily translated this text. We do not put adverbs between the verb and the object.
Our guide spoke English fluently.
(Not: spoke fluently English)
We enjoyed the party very much.
Note the difference:
He answered the questions foolishly. (His answers were foolish.) He foolishly answered the questions. (It was foolish of him to answer at all.)
Sometimes can also be used at the beginning or at the end of
the sentence.
Sometimes it is cold in May. It's cold in May sometimes.
Lately, recently, too, before, either (in negative sentences), yet ( in questions; in negative sentences) are put at the end of the sentence.
Have you seen this film yet? - No, I haven't seen this film yet.
I have never been to London before. Have you been there too? - No, I haven't been there either.
I haven't heard from him lately. I've got a letter from him recently.
Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere follow the same basic rule as some, any, no.
-Are you going anywhere? - Nowhere.
- Let's go somewhere.
- I am not going anywhere today.
Any more/any longer/no longer
We use not... any more, not... any longer, no longer to say that a situation has changed.
Mr Smith doesn 't work here any more (or any longer). no longer goes in the middle of the sentence
We are no longer friends, (not... "no more") She is no longer a student, (not... "no more")
Quite and Rather
Quite = less than "very" but more than "a little". Quite goes before a/an: quite a long way, quite a reasonable price.
Rather is similar to quite, but we use rather mostly with negative words and negative ideas.
It's rather cold, so you'd better stay at home.
He is quite intelligent but rather lazy. But: rather nice = usually nice rather interesting = more interesting than expected.
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Even We use even to say something is unusual or surprising.
Even his best friend didn 't lend him the money.
He can't cook. He can't even boil an egg. Even + comparative = even hotter/earlier
Even + if, when, though:
Even if you don't phone me, I'm sure we'll see each other soon.
For, during and while
We use: for + period of time to say how long something goes on:
for 2 years, for a week, for the whole life. during + noun to say when something happens: during the war. while + subject + verb: while I was watching TV.
Really
Really can be used to emphasize verbs, adjectives and adverbs. / really think that war should be banned. Acid rains are really dangerous both for people and the environment. He drove really dangerously.
Still, else, already
Still is used to say that a situation or action is continuing. You usually put still before the main verb, but after be or an auxiliary verb. In negatives it goes before the auxiliary verb.
It's still raining, let's stay at home.
You still haven't answered my questions.
Are they still waiting?
Compare: He lost his job a year ago.
He hasn 't found another job yet. He is still unemployed. Else is used after question words without a noun following, and after indefinite pronouns.
What else would you like to tell us? Who else knows about it? Where else did you see him? Ask somebody else about it.
Already expresses surprise that something has happened sooner than expected, or that something that has been done need not be repeated. We normally use it in positive sentences and questions. It can come in the mid or end position. Is the taxi already here? or: Is the taxi here already? I've already translated the text. I've translated the text already.
Compare:
He lost his job a year ago. Has he found any job already?
He hasn 't found another job yet. He is still unemployed.
Hardly/scarcely ever, never, rarely and seldom are not used with a negative verb.
We have never seen him again.
Hardly/scarcely ever did he manage to come here.
Too and Enough
Too goes before an adjective or adverb.
Mrs Smith doesn 't want to marry my uncle. She thinks
he's too old.
I'm afraid we 'II miss our train as you are walking too
slowly. Enough goes after an adjective or adverb, and before a noun.
The coffee isn't strong enough. You didn't put enough
coffee in.
She isn't old enough to get married, or: She is too
young to get married.
I think this jacket is too short. - You are right. It is not
long enough.
Much: In positive statements we usually use very much or a lot/a good deal/a great deal. In a negative statement we can use either very much or much. Much (=greatly), with or without very, can be used with the participles: upset, shocked, impressed, etc.
Positive: / like this town very much. He rides a lot/a great deal. Negative: / don't like this town very much, or: I don't like this town much.
She was (very) much impressed by his good manners. Much can modify comparative or superlative adjectives and adverbs: much better, much more quickly.
Also, Too, As well
Also usually goes in mid position, but too and as well go in end position.
My mother bakes lovely cakes.
She also makes bread. / She makes bread, too/as well.
Absolutely, completely and totally can go in mid position or at the end.
We completely lost our way. / We lost our way completely.
I totally disagree. /1 disagree totally.
Sentence adverbs modify the whole sentence/clause and express the speaker's opinion:
Actually (=in fact/really), apparently, certainly, clearly, evidently, obviously, probably, undoubtedly, definitely, perhaps, possibly, surely, (unfortunately, honestly, (un)luckily, officially.
He is obviously intelligent.
She was certainly here, there is no doubt about it.
Fortunately nobody was injured in the crash. Compare: Honestly, he didn't get the money (truthfully).
He didn 't get the money honestly (adverb of manner =
dishonestly).
Practice
7. Read the text, analyze all the adverbs used in it. Fit for Humans not for Pigs
This week there is going to be a festival of British Food and Farming in Hyde Park in London. The festival hasn't began yet and farmers are still bringing their animals. But a pig farmer has already run into a serious problem. Yesterday he arrived with his pigs from the Welsh Hills - hundreds of miles away. The pigs were very thirsty when they arrived in Hyde Park and the farmer immediately gave them some London water. Then he was very surprised because the pigs refused to drink the water. London water is fit for humans but not for pigs.
2 Form the adverbs corresponding to the following adjectives: bad, slow, quick, merry, sweet, happy, sad, brave, correct, careful, sudden, hard, sorrowful, bright, good, fast, near, slight, terrible, complete, entire, beautiful, wonderful, loud, proud, serious, painful, long, cold, warm, silent, strong.
3. Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adverbs:
well, far, late, easily, slowly, long, early, comfortably, near, quickly, clearly, badly, often, correctly.
4. Use the correct form of comparison.
\. The (much) you read the (soon) you enlarge your vocabulary.
2. Shall I speak (loud) or will you sit (near)?
3. I like this picture (well) of all.
4. My English isn't very good but I understand it (perfect) if people speak (slowly) and (clearly).
5. The children got up (late) this morning, they didn't have to go to school.
6. He was difficult to understand because he spoke so (quickly). I asked him to speak not so (fast).
7. It's a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived (near).
8. You hardly ever write to me. Why don't you write a bit (often)?
9. Your English has improved. You speak a lot (fluently) you did when we last met.
10. You are driving too fast. Can you drive a bit (slowly)?
11. It is a sort of paradox, but it is true - we are never (much) in danger than we think ourselves (much) secure.
12. We'd better not go any (far) today. Let's stay here.
5. Put the adverbs in the right place.
1. I like to drive (very much). And you?
2. When we heard the news, we phoned Jane to her office to tell her everything (immediately).
3. Mary can speak English, as she lived in London with her parents (fluently).
4. I'm going to England, (soon)
5. I've been walking all morning, (around the town)
6. Have you been to the theatre? (recently)
7. I cleaned the house and cooked the dinner, (also)
8. My mother is very tired when she gets home from work, (usually)
9. The boy has to hurry to school in the morning because he gets up late, (always, so)
10. I have good memory for faces but I forget names, (always)
11. The driver of the car was injured in the accident, (seriously)
