1 ]. Insert the articles: a/an, the, -.
1. We want... government to do something about... problem of unemployment.
2.... cities are usually exciting - in... London, for example, you can have tea at... Ritz and then go to... theatre in... evening.
3. I must go to... bank and see... bank manager. I want to borrow... two hundred pounds.
4. She has two children,... girl and... boy.... girl is five and... boy is only one.
5. He goes to... work in... City by... train every day. His office is in... Baker street.
6. She never reads... newspapers during the week, but she buys... Observer every Sunday and she reads it in... bed.
7. When you go to... France, you must take... boat on... Seine when you are in... Paris.
8. My uncle is... shopkeeper. He has... shop in... small village by... River Thames near... Oxford.
9.... shop sells almost everything from... bread to... newspapers.
10.... children always stop to spend... few pence on... sweets or... ice-cream on their way to and from... school.
11. My uncle doesn't often leave... village. He doesn't have... car, so once... month he goes by... bus to... Oxford and has... lunch at... Grand Hotel.
12. He is one of... happiest men I know.
13.... Shakespeare,... world's greatest dramatist was born in... little cottage.
14. Neither life nor property was saved and... poor and... weak were oppressed by... strong.
15....Venice which is in... north of... Italy stands on... 118 islands.
16.... London Underground which has 400 km of tunnels is... longest in... world.
17.... women live longer than... men. They have... average life of 77 years.
18. I remember my first math's teacher was... man. He had... small beard and... bright blue eyes. He usually wore... dark-brown coat and... light-green hat.
12. Supply the articles a/an, the if they are necessary.
1.... Statue of Liberty was... gift of friendship from... France to... United States.
2. Jason's father bought him... bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.
3. Rita is studying... English and... math this semester.
4.... judge asked... witness to tell... truth.
5. Please give me... cup of... coffee with... cream and... sugar.
6. No one in... Spanish class knew... correct answer to... Mrs Perez's question.
7. When you go to... store, please buy... bottle of... chocolate milk and... dozen of oranges.
8. There are only... few seats left for... tonight's musical at... university.
9. John and Marcy went to... school yesterday and they studied in... library before returning home.
10.... Lake Erie is one of... five Great Lakes in... North America.
11. On our trip to... Spain, we crossed... Atlantic Ocean.
12. Louie played... basketball and baseball at... Boy's Club this year.
13. Phil can't go to... movies tonight because he has to write... essay.
14. David attended... Princeton University.
15. Susan's grandmother is in... hospital so we went to visit her... last night.
16.... Queen Elizabeth is... Monarch of... Great Britain.
17. Scientist hoped to send... expedition to... Mars during... 1980s.
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18.... Civil War was fought in... United States between 1861 and 1865.
19.... Florida State University is smaller than... University of Florida.
20.... Declaration of Independence was drawn up in 1776.
13. Choose and use: a/an, the or nothing.
1. On... Sundays I stay in... bed till ten o'clock, reading... Sunday papers.
2. My mother goes to... church in... morning and in... afternoon she visits her friends.
3. Like many women she loves... tea parties and... gossip.
4. She lives on... top floor of... old house. When wind blows, all... windows rattle.
5.... family hotels are... hotels which welcome...parents and children.
6.... interference with... nature often brings... disaster.
7. Everywhere... man has cut down... forests in order to cultivate... ground, or to use... wood as... fuel or as... building material.
8. If you go by... train you can have quite... comfortable journey.
9. I'll pay one hundred... week. It's not... enormous salary but after all, you are... completely unskilled man.
10. Would you like to listen to... story about... Englishman,... Irishman,... Scotsman? - No, I've heard stories about... Englishmen,... Irishmen,... Scotsmen before, and they are all... same.
11. He was... very tall man with... dark hair and... small beard.
12. Leave your coats in... cloakroom, don't bring them into... theatre.
13.... man I met on the train told me... rather unusual story.
14. My car broke down near... bus stop. There was... man waiting for... bus, so I asked him for... advice.
15. We have... flat on the top floor. We get... lovely view
from there.
16. We've just bought... piano. - Who can play... piano in you family?
17.... life is very difficult for... unemployed these days.
18. I bought my sister... book and... bottle of... perfume for her birthday, but I don't think she liked... perfume.
19. She is seriously ill. She has been in... hospital for three weeks. We are going to... hospital to visit her.
20. Is this... first time you have been to... Crimea? - No, I often spend my holidays on... Crimean beaches.
21. When I left... station I had to stand in... queue for... taxi for a long time.
22.... happiness of the majority depends on... hard work from everyone.
23. I'm staying in... Hilton so you can leave me... message.
24. It's... long time since I met... lovely person like you.
25. We took... trip around... London and saw... Houses of Parliament,... Tower Bridge,... Hide Park,... Trafalgar Square and many other sights in... West End.
26. We studied... poetry at school, but I haven't read much since.
27. I cannot imagine my life without... music, but... music they play on the radio station is dreadful!
14. Complete the conversation.
1. How was your trip to... coast?
Wonderful!... sun was shining all day. We had... great time.
2. Would you like... cigarette?
No, thanks. I've given up smoking. It's... bad habit.
3. What's your brother doing now? Has he got... good job? Yes. He is... soldier. He is in... army. He loves it. It's... great life, he says.
4. Why were you late for... meeting?
Well, first I had to go to... hotel I'd booked into. I took... taxi from... airport, and... driver got completely lost. It was... terrible nuisance.... man was rather... strange person.
5. Is this... book, you were telling me about? Yes, it's... really interesting story.
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What did you say it's about?
I knew you were not listening to me. It's... science fiction story. It's about... ruining of... universe.
15. Put a/an/the/-. Role-play the conversation.
I'm so sorry!
... Sun King is... cruise ship. It's sailing around... Caribbean. There are... lot of tourists on... ship. Most of them are from... USA, but some of them are also from... Canada and
South America. It's... seventh day of... cruise, and... ship is sailing from... Venezuela to... Barbados. AH of... passengers and most of... crew are on deck for... captain's party.
Hello. My name is Marianne Wilson. I'm from... Montreal.
Hi, I'm Tom Grey. Nice to meet you.
Where do you come from?
I'm from... Montgomery.
... Montgomery? Where is that?
It's in... Alabama. Have you heard of... Alabama?
Oh, yes.... Alabama. It's in... South. I've never been to... South. I'm from... Seattle. I work in... bank. By... way, what... awful party!
Really? Do you think so? It's my party. I'm...captain of this ship.
Oh my God! I'm so sorry!
That's O.K. No problem. I was glad to meet... person who actually told me... truth about... party.
16. Put a/an/the/-. Retell the following texts.
Esop and his Fables
... ancient stories of Esop seem to fascinate many people.
... fable is... short story that teaches... lesson.
Esop was... Greek slave who lived in... 6th century B.C. He wrote down over... hundred fables; he was not... author of all -.. fables; he collected them from many countries.... most
famous ones are: "... Hare and... Tortoise", "... Lion and... Mouse", "... Wolf in Sheep's Clothing". Many fables have... animals as their main characters. However,... people are also... main characters in some of... Esop's fables.
The Farmer and his Sons
There was once... old, dying farmer. Before he died he wanted to teach his three sons how to be... good farmers. So he called them to him and said, "My boys, before I die I want you to know that there is... great treasure buried in... vineyard. Promise me that you will look for it when I'm dead".... sons promised and they began looking for... treasure. They worked very hard in... hot sun. In their minds they pictured... boxes of... gold coins,... diamond necklaces and other things like that.
But they found not... single penny. They were very upset. But then... grapes started to appear on... vines and their grapes were... biggest and best in... neighborhood and they sold them for... lot of money. Now they understood everything and they lived happily and wealthy ever after.
... moral of... story is:... hard work brings... happiness and... wealth.
American Tourist in... Britain
... man from... California was spending... month in... Britain. One day he booked into... hotel in... Cheltenham,... nice old town in... west of England. Then he went out to look around... place. But... man didn't return to... hotel. He disappeared, leaving... suitcase full of clothes behind.... police were called in, but they were unable to find out what had happened to... missing tourist. It was... mystery.
But two weeks later... man walked into... police station in... Cheltenham. He explained that he was very sorry, but while walking around... town he had got lost. He had also forgotten... name of... hotel he had booked into. So he had decided to continue with his tour of... country and had gone to visit...
friend in Scotland before returning to pick up... case he had left behind.
In Search of... Good Job
There is... lot of unemployment in our days so it is getting more and more difficult to get... kind of... job you really want. Then you have to decide what is more important to you -how much you earn or... job satisfaction. Do you want to work with your hands (called... manual work) or do you prefer to work in... office (called... clerical work)? When you are thinking about... career, or applying for... job, first of all you should go out and look for... work instead of sitting around all day doing nothing.
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Susan is... teacher of... English in... state secondary school. She's... graduate of... Sussex University with degree in... English Literature. When she graduated, she first worked in... office but was bad at typing and soon got bored with... job. She decided to teach, so she went to... teacher training college. Susan teaches... six different classes of... children between... age of 12 and 18.... pupils enjoy her lessons, but she finds it... hard work. She gives... children... lot of homework to do, and every evening she has to mark it and prepare for... next day. One problem is that... children in... Susan's school don't behave very well. They are often impolite. Susan and... other teachers have to be very strict with them.
Susan's brother Harry is 21. He passed his school exams with... good marks and left... school at 19. Now he is at... university. He is... student and receives... grant from... state to help him pay... university fees and his personal expenses. He is very keen on... mathematics and it will be useful to him in... future. He works hard and enjoys his studies.... university courses in... Britain usually last for... three years. After this, Harry hopes to graduate good degree will get him... good job.
It was... Lovely Time
We had... lovely time touring... United States last year. We landed at... Kennedy Airport and went first to Manhattan
where we stayed in... Hilton Hotel on... Sixth Avenue. During our stay we visited... Metropolitan museum. One day we took a boat along... Hudson River and cruised around... Manhattan Island, which was very interesting. After... New York we went to... Chicago where we stayed in... hotel overlooking... Lake Michigan. Finally we flew to Denver because I was determined to see... Rocky mountains before I left. It was... wonderful holiday. Next year we plan to go to... Caribbean.
17. Translate the sentences into English.
1. ? - , .
2. . .
3. . , . .
4. . . . ?
5. ? - . .
6. - , . ? - . .
7. , . - , .
8. . , .
9. ? - .
10. ? 20 . - , . . - , .
11. ! ! ? - . - .
12. ? - . - . - .
13. . , .
14. , , . - . . - .
The Pronoun
The pronoun is a part of speech, which points out objects and their qualities without naming them.
Pronouns fall under the following groups:
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I) Personal pronouns: /, he, she, it, we, you, they.. 2) Possessive pronouns: my, his, her, its, our, your,
their.
3) Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
4) Demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), such, (the) same.
5) Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another.
6) Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which.
7) Indefinite pronouns: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone.
8) Negative pronouns: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.
9) Definite pronouns: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another.
10) Relative pronouns: who, whose, which, that, as.
I1) Conjunctive pronouns: who, whose, which, what.
Some pronouns have the grammatical categories of person and gender (personal and possessive pronouns), case:
| Personal Pronouns | Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns | Possessive Pronouns | |
| Sing. | I me | myself | my mine |
| PI. | we us | ourselves | our ours |
| Sing. | you | yourself yourselves | your yours |
| PI. | |||
| Masc. Fem. Non-personal | he him she her | himself herself | his her hers |
| it they them | itself themselves | its their theirs |
Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Subject and Object Pronouns
Subject pronouns
| I | you | he | she it | we | you | they |
Object pronouns
| me you | him her | it | us | you | them |
- The subject is the person or thing doing the action:
I left early. She went home. We said goodbye.
- The object is the person or thing receiving the action:
She telephoned me. I hit him. We saw her.
Practice
. Put the correct object pronoun into each gap. Model: My sister has a new car, but she doesn't like it.
1. He has two sons. He plays football with... in his free time.
2. That's my dictionary. Can I have... back, please?
3. Ben's new teacher is Mr Banks. Ben likes... a lot.
4. Jane and I are good students, so our teacher likes....
5. Our teacher gives... a lot of homework.
6. Kate likes Joanna, but Maria doesn't like... at all.
7. She buys a newspaper everyday and reads... on the train
8. Look! This is a photo of... my family.
9. Sally lives near Peter and Mary. She goes to work with... every day in their car.
| 2. Put my or your into the gaps. a. Hello.... name is Jenny, b. What 's... your name? c. Is Catherine... sister? d. John: Ann, this is... brother, Dick. Ann: Hello, Dick. Dick: Hello. | 3. Put his or her into the gaps. a. "What's... name?" "Elizabeth", b.... name is James Baker, c. I have a son.... name is David, d. Marie is from France.... flat is in Paris. |
4. Write the correct pronouns for these sentences.
1.... telephoned yesterday, (she) She telephoned yesterday.
2. We watched... for hours, (he) We watched him for hours.
3. Hasn't... arrived yet? (she)
4.... don't understand. (I)
5. Are you talking to...? (I)
6. Don't ask...:... doesn't know, (she/she)
7. This is Julia:... have known... for years, (we/she)
8. Nobody told... the bus was leaving, (they)
9. Why didn't... ask... to come? (she/they)
10. Don't ask...: ask.... (I/he)
11.... think... doesn't like.... (I/he/I)
12.... asked... to invite.... (they/he/we)
5. Write the correct adjectives for these sentences:
1. These are... parents. (I) These are my parents.
2. I've got... watch, (he)
3. Is this... car? (you)
4. Do they like... new house? (she)
5. Have you met... teacher? (their)
6. Who's got... money? (I)
7. I don't like... teacher, (we)
8. Have you got... passport? (you)
9. He forgot... keys, (he)
10. They changed... Hotel, (they)
11. She gave the letter to... secretary, (she)
12. There's something wrong with... car. (I)
13. They're having a party in... garden, (they)
14. Where's... pen? (I)
15. I like... jacket, (you)
6. Rewriting a text. Read the text about Keiko Wilson. It's not very natural. Which nouns can you replace with pronouns or possessive adjectives? Underline them. Rewrite the text to make it more natural.
Keiko Wilson is Japanese, but Keiko lives in New-York because Keiko is married to an American. Keiko is an interpreter. Keiko lives in New York because New York is interesting, but Keiko's husband, Walter, doesn't like New York. Walter wants to leave and live in the country.
Keiko and Walter have two children. Walter takes the two children and the two children's dog out of the city in Walter's free time. Walter and the children go walking in summer and skiing in winter, but Keiko doesn't go with Walter and the children because Keiko doesn't have any free time.
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7. Talk about profession. Use the possessive pronouns: hers, yours, their, ours to show that something belongs to somebody.
Model A: They, your tests - No, they are not our tests. -
Whose are those tests? Are they yours? Model B: It, her picture . No, it's not their picture. -
Whose is that picture? Is it hers?
Prompts: 1. They, your notes. 2. It, his tie. 3. They, my tickets. 4. It, her dog. 5. They, our spoons. 6. They, my shirts. 1. It, their car. 8. It, his exercise-book. 9. My dictation, their. 10. Our lecturer, your. 11. His composition, mine.
8. Write the correct adjective or pronoun for these sentences.
1. Whose camera is this? Is it...? (you) Whose camera is this? Is it yours?
2. Excuse me, those are... seats, (we) Excuse me, those are our seats.
3. Is it... suitcase or...? (you/he) Is it your suitcase or his?
4. Has the dog... food? (it)
5. They're not... keys - they're.... (I/she)
6. I don't think it's... room; think, it's.... (you/they)
I. The police asked me for... address. (I)
8. Have you got... pen, or would you like to borrow...? (you/I)
9.... garden is bigger than.... (they/we)
10. I think this is... book. Oh, no, it's.... (I/you)
I1. The decision is.... (they)
12. The cat wants... dinner, (it)
13. You know it's not... money. It's.... (you/I)
14. It isn't... car. It's.... (he/she)
15. It wasn't... a mistake, it was.... (I/they)
16. Have you met... mother? (they)
17.... parents say the garden is.... (she/they)
18.... brother thinks the car is.... (I/we)
19.... car wasn't working, so I used.... (I/he)
20.... house is smaller than.... (we/they)
Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns are:
singular myself/ yourself (one person) / himself/ herself / itself plural ourselves / yourselves (more than one person / themselves)
Study this example.
George cut himself when he was shaving this morning. We use myself, himself, yourself etc., when the subject and the object are the same.
Some more examples:
I don't want you to pay for me. I'll pay for myself. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself very much.
Compare:
It's not our fault. You can't blame us. It's our own fault. We blame ourselves.
NOTE:
We do not use myself / yourself etc. after bring / take something
with...:
It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with me. (not with myself) We do not use myself etc. after concentrate feel, relax, meet...:
You must try and concentrate.
- Do you feel nervous?
- Yes, I can't relax.
We naturally use wash, shave, dress without myself etc. We got up washed, shaved and dressed. We also use myself/yourself and etc. in another way as emphatic pronouns.
For example:
- Who repaired your bicycle for you?
- Nobody. I have done it myself.
Here myself is used to emphasize I (=it makes it stronger).
I'm not going to do it for you. You can do it yourself. (= you, not me)
The film itself wasn't very good but I liked the music.
Practice
/. Complete each sentence using myself/yourself etc. with one of these verbs (in the correct form):
blame burn cut enjoy express hurt put
1. George cut himself while he was shaving this morning.
2. Bill fell down some steps but fortunately he didn't.. badly.
3. It isn't her fault. She really shouldn't....
4. Please try and understand how I feel... in my position
5. They had a great time. They really....
6. Be careful! This pan is really hot. Don't....
7. Sometimes I can't say exactly what I mean. I wish I could... better.
2 Put in myself/yourself/ourselves etc. or me/you/us etc.
1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself.
2. It's not my fault. You can't blame....
3. What I did was wrong. I'm ashamed of....
4. We've got a problem. I hope you can help....
5. "Can I take another biscuit?" - "Of course. Help...!"
6. Take some money with... in case you need it.
7. Don't worry about Tom and me. We can look after....
8. I gave them a key to our house so they could let... in.
9. When they come to visit us, they always bring their dog with them.
3. Complete these sentences. Use myself/yourself etc. only where necessary. Use one of these verbs (in the correct form): concentrate defend dry feel meet relax shave wash
1. Martin decided to grow a beard because he was fed up with shaving.
2. I wasn't very well yesterday but I... much better today.
3. She climbed out of the swimming pool and... with a towel.
4. I tried to study but I just couldn' t....
5. If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to....
6. I'm going out with Chris this evening. We're... at the station at 7.30.
7. You're always rushing around. Why don't you sit down and...?
8. There was no water so we couldn't....
4. Complete these answers for the questions using myself I yourself/itsel/etc.
1- Who repaired the bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired
2. Did Bryan have his hair cut by a hairdresser? it myself. No. He cut...
3. Do you want to post that letter for you?. No. I'll....
4. Who told you that Linda was getting Linda.... married?
5. Can you phone John for me? Why can't you...?
5. Say that people do something themselves. Use the emphatic pronouns.
Model: to make Mary's bed. -----^-Who makes Mary's bed? -
She makes it herself.
Prompts: 1. To clean the flat for Mr and Mrs Brimby. 2. To do Ann's shopping. 3. To get Walter's tickets for him. 4. To cook Mr and Mrs Rumboll's meals. 5. To type Andrew's letters. 6. To wash the children. 7. To feed the dog. 8. To shave Henry. 9. To tie your tie. 10. To buy food for us. 11. To turn the computer off. 12. To make pies for us. 13. To clean your shoes. 14. To cut Irene's hair.
6. Express surprise.
Model: to translate an article for John ^ I translated an
article for John. - Didn't he translate it himself? Prompts: 1. To buy an evening paper for Mike. 2. To finish the exercise for Kate. 3. To collect stamps for Barbara. 4. To wash a blouse for Alise. 5. To compose a poem for Anthony. 6. To borrow books for your roommates. 7. To mark dictations for you. 8. Mr. and Mrs. Westley, to make jam for us. 9. To clean windows for you. 10. To cut cheese for your boys. 11. To write a lecture for Mr Linck. 12. To grow flowers for your pupils. 13. Ray and Rose, to boil eggs for our salad.
Indefinite Pronouns
| some | any | no | every | all | much |
| somebody | anybody | nobody | everybody | both | many |
| someone | anyone | none | everyone | each | little |
| something | anything | nothing | everything | either | few |
| someone | neither |
- some is used in positive sentences: a) with plural countable nouns: Some people arrived. I'd like a loaf and some eggs, please.
