: |
-
| ||
1. 2. : , , 3.
| |||
:
30% | 45% | 25% | |
20% | 30% | 50% | |
4-25% | 20-35% | 40-60% |
( , , , , , , , , - .) , 10 ÷ 50%.
. , 20032020 . (, , , .) 6,6 .., 3,5 . 3,1 . . (. 8.).
18. , ( 1997 .) ( ). - .
- , , , . .2., .
, :
: , , ?;
1 - 3 1 ( 18), 1990 - 2020 . 2 ( 18)
, .
*
|
|
, , , .
, , :
, ;
.
6 14 26 1995 594, 23 1996 523 1 1997 778.
6 , , () .
14 (, ) 15% .
:
- ;
- , ;
- ;
- () .
, , , . - . , , (, ) .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
|
|
- .
.
, , , , , , , , .
, .
, , . , , . .
8 1997 . 305 3.09.98 1022 () , () , . 24 , . () ( 03.12.99 1080).
, , , , .
, , - .
*
. , , , , .
, , XXI , , . 70 80% , , . . , , (. ).
II: , . .
. , , , . Microsoft : , , .
|
|
, , .
? : , , .
, , , , ( ). .
, ( , IT ..), . .
. , , ( -).
. , . 80- .
1996 . , . - , , .
, , . , 2001 18% , 2002 22%, 2003 31%. 50%. . . - , . , , , , , . , , .
- (ADVOCACY) *
, . , , . . , .
|
|
- .
, , , , , . , , - . , - , , , , , , , , , .
( ) , :
- ;
- ;
- , - ;
- / ;
- , , , ;
- .
- , . - , , , , . , , , - .77([62])
-, , , .
- /? ?
- /?
- , ?
- , ?
- ?
, , . -, , , , .
, -, , .
- , .
- , .
- .
- , - , .
- - .
- , ( , , ).
|
|
- , , .
- , , .
-, :
- -;
- , , , , , , ;
- , ( , );
- ;
- ;
- , .
- .
- , .
- , ( , / , ..).
- , 78([63]) ( -). ; , .
- , - .
- .
- .
- (, , , , , , , , ..).
, ( -) .
, , 79([64]).
1. . -, , , .
2. . , , , .
3. , . , , -.
( , , ) , 80([65]). .
81([66]):
1) ;
2) , -;
3) , , , , ;
4) ( );
5) .
, , .
, , , . , , , , ..
, , -. . - , (, ) 82([67]).
: ; ; - , 83([68]).
/ ( / ) .
, , . . .. ( , - 2002 .) .
* .
[1] .
[2] , . , 2003.
[3] , , . , , , , . . , - . . , , , , .
[4] . , 2003. .
[5] . , 2003. .
[6] . , 2000, .
[7] , 2003., .
[8] 2003-2005 . 6 2003. 658-.
[9] , 2001 . 2001 . .
[10] , 2003 . . . . . , 2002 . - . , . .
* ,
[11] 2001. : , , 2002, .39.
[12] .
[13] . , . 56-57.
[14] . , .50-51, 54-55 ( , , 10- ).
[15] , (http://www.rcsme.ru). , 90- .
[16] , . 14.
[17] 98 03, 2001.
[18] , (, , ..) ( , , , - .).
[19] , : Cooper C.C., Gimeno F.J. Entrepreneurs, Processes of Founding, and New Firm Performance. In: Sexton D.L., Kasarda J. D. The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship. Boston: PWS-Kent Publ. 1982, chapt.12; Birley S. The Role of New Firms: Birhts, Deaths and Job Generation // Srtategic Management Journal, 1986, 7; Hisrich R.D., Peters M.P. Entrepreneurship. Starting, Developing and Managing a New Enterprise. Boston: Richard Irvin, Inc. 1989, chapt.1; Gnyawali D.R., Fogel D.S. Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implications // Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1994, June; White S.B., Reynolds P.D. Government Programs and High Growth New Firms. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1996. Babson College, 1996 .
[20] , - 2002 . 2002 . , Rencontres de St-Gall, Hergiswil ( 2002 ., ). , ( , 4-10 2002 ., 20).
[21] , (, , ..), , , . .
[22] ., : . 100 // , 06.08.2002, 137.
[23] , 1998 . 270 . , 1999 . 261 . (.: .., .14).
* .., , , . . ., ( .: http://www.nisse.ru/analitics.html?id=naprsnpb)
* , . . http://www.rcsme.ru
[24] , 2001. ., 2002.
[25] , 2001. ., 2002.
[26] : . 49,2%. 1000 56 , 57.
[27] , . . , 1992 . , , 1992-1994 . 600 . . 15-72 , 0,55% ; 1995 . - 1998 160-170 . . (0,15%). , , . 15 72 .
[28] ϔ, 6.
[29] ϔ, 6.
[30] , 10% () , . , - , .
* .. . : /. , 2003.
31 Campbell M., Daly V. Self-Employment into the 1990 // Employment gaz. London, 1992. Vol.100, 6. P. 292.
32 Halvorson-Queered R. The Growing Potential of Micro-enterprise // OECD Observer. 1991/1992. 173. P. 9.
33 . . ., 2001. . 6066.
34 Financial Times. 2002. 8 October.
35 .., .., .. . - ., 1998. . 134
36 The Wall Street Journal. 2002.10 June.
37 Patil P., Krumm Poverty and Social Transfers in Europe and Central Asia: a Survey of the Evidence. World Bank. Washington, 1995; Poverty in Russia during the Transition / Ed. J. Klugman. World Bank. Washington, 1997.
38 . 2002.1 .
* .. . - .: , 2001.
39 , , , , - .
40 . : . - , 2, 1993. .59.
41 . . - , 1996, 6, ..57-78.
42 . : ? - , 1999, 9. . 11.
43 . - . - , 1996, 9. . 136.
44 . . - , 1998, 12. . 13.
45 . . - .: , 1998. .20.
* , 2003., .
46 . . , 1997 .
47 . . , 1997 .
48 , 18 1997.
49 . - . - .2002 .
50 .
51 . .
52 , .
53 2 2003 2002 . .
54 , , , , .
55 , ( ), .
56 2000 .
57 2000 . 2000 2002 . , .
58 . 2002 . .
59 , 2003 . 2000 .
60 , 2003 . .
61 2002 . : , . 146 156 .
62 - - , :
1. .
2. - , .
3. , , -. 2001.. , 2002 .
63 2001. . - ., 2002.
64 .
65 2003 . 2002 . : , . .
66 173 , 2002 . .
67 2002 ., 48,7% .
68 , 2002. .
69 , 2003 . .
70 , 2003 . .
71 , 2003 . .
72 , 2003 . .
73 , 2003 . .
74 , 2002 . ; , 2002 ., .
75 , 2003 . .
76 , , .
* . ., ..., , ,
.
* .., - . .. , -. .
* .., .
* .., .
77 . www.nsbu.org
78 , : ; , ; ; . , , , .
79 - (11-13 2002 ., -, ). , Counterpart International.
80 - 21 . . . , . , 1997.
81
82 .. - .
83 .
|
|
|
|
: 2018-10-18; !; : 167 |
:
, ; , .
==> ...