computer programs, debugging of a computer program, computer software, a loadable set of instructions, the computer reacts to user input when that program is running, the instructions are loaded, program, software and software application, running a program, the computer is initialized to a starting state by loading the program and the data, a boot sequence, an operating system, Linux, loads and executes programs, a computer program refers to the individual executable image rather than all the programming currently running on the computer, the Von Neumann architecture, Harvard architecture, the program is loaded from a peripheral device, a hard drive, the program is loaded into main memory, the instruction sequence is then executed in order until a jump or branch instruction is executed or an interrupt occurs, these instructions change the program counter, a set of instructions that the computer understands,
The instructions in a computer program are in machine code, originally written in a computer programming language, translated to machine code using a computer program called a compiler or an interpreter, the programming language is simply a set of abbreviations for the machine code instructions, called assembly language, a program called an assembler is used to make the translation, Neural networks, many computing units with many connections between these units work in concert to solve problems, types of architecture, the programming of these computers often consists of weights on each connection and thresholds within the nodes, most neural networks, the learned state can be saved and later restored, making it a computer program, virtual machines, an idealized instruction set is created on top of the actual instruction set of the machines,it runs the program inside of the virtual machine, non Von Neumann machines as virtual machines have noconstructed using hardware, programs and data, a computer program and data, the former is called a "program", and the latter "data",algorithms, subject of various areas of mathematics,algorithmic information theory studies the behaviour of idealized computers executing randomly generated computer programs, the iterative process of creating a computer program, and testing, analysing, and refining is one definition of computer program "development", an appropriate solution that performs some task at hand, who practice these iterative processes are called computer programmers, developers,development of the process of fleshing out the work requirement(s) of a task that you want a computer to perform, create an approach to accomplishing the task, decide upon an implementation of that approach, express that approach in a way that a computer can understand, test the suitability of the solution in either a simulated or real-world environment, and analyse the tests' results, iterations are often required, computer programmers, the more experience a programmer has the more involved in the initial steps of this procedure, they typically become more critical, their skills become during the requirements-gathering and solution-design phases, debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic hardware, harder when various subsystems are tightly coupled, as changes in one may cause bugs to emerge in another, books on debugging, numerous aspects, including interactive debugging, control flow, integration testing, log files, monitoring (application, system), memory dumps, profiling, Statistical Process Control, and special design tactics to improve detection while simplifying changes,techniques, print debugging or tracing is the act of watching (live or recorded) trace statements, or print statements, the flow of execution of a process,printf debugging, remote debuggingis the process of debugging a program running on a system different than the debugger, remote debugging, a debugger connects to a remote system over a network, the debugger controls the execution of the program on the remote system and retrieve information about its state, post-mortem debugging is debugging of the program after it has already crashed, related techniques include various tracing techniques and/or analysis of memory dump (or core dump) of the crashed process, the dump of the process, automatically by the system, or by a programmer-inserted instruction, or manually by the interactive user, Delta debugging - technique of automating test case simplification, Saff Squeeze - technique of isolating failure within the test using progressive in lining of parts of the failing test,debugging for embedded systems, a primary characteristic of embedded environments is the sheer number of different platforms available to the developers (CPU architectures, vendors, operating systems and their variants), embedded systems are typically developed for a single task (or small range of tasks), the platform is chosen specifically to optimize that application, makes debugging and testing of these systems harder, different debugging tools are needed in different platforms, to identify and fix bugs in the system, logical or synchronization problems in the code, or a design error in the hardware, to collect information about the operating states of the system that may then be used to analyse the system, find ways to boost its performance, to optimize other important characteristics, energy consumption, reliability, real-time response, anti-debugging, the implementation of one or more techniques within computer code that hinders attempts at reverse engineering or debugging a target process, used in legitimate copy-protection schemas, used by malware to complicate its detection and elimination,techniques used in anti-debugging, API-based, check for the existence of a debugger using system information, exception-based, check to see if exceptions are interfered with, process and thread blocks, check whether process and thread blocks have been manipulated, modified code: check for code modifications made by a debugger handling software breakpoints, hardware- and register-based, check for hardware breakpoints and CPU registers, timing and latency, check the time taken for the execution of instructions, detecting and penalizing debugger
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Exercise 3. What do you know about these notions?
