1
to do.
1. do, did, done ", ";
always does his homework. .
How are you doing? ?
2. to do Present Past Simple, .
Did he go to the south in the summer?
-No, he didn't. He didn't go to the south.
3. to do - , .
My friend doesnt like disco music, I do.
2
to be . :
) , , , :
Where is the bank? - Its just round the corner.
? .
) Continuous :
The secretary is typing a letter.
.
The World Trade Centre was destroyed by terrorists in 2001.
2001.
) - :
Its urgent. .
) : :
We are to meet at 5. 5 .
3
, , , . .
The list of books to be bought is on the table. , , . : , , .
4
- - (the student) (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) . .
to.
| to tell () to order () to allow () to permit () to forbid () | smb. to do smth. smth. to be done |
| to like () to prefer () to want () to know () to expect () | smb. to do smth. |
Mother told me to go to work. .
I would like my son to become a lawyer. , .
to.
C
| to watch () to see () to hear () to notice () to feel () to let () to make () to have () | smb. do smth. |
She made her son do his homework. .
|
|
|
, .
to see, to watch, to notice, to hear . (Participle 1-1 +ing). .
I saw the secretary speaking on the telephone. , .
5
, . (the man) (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). . , .
:
... is known... ,
... is said... ,
... is reported... ,
... is thought... ,
... is believed... ,
... is considered... ,
... is supposed... ,
... is expected... ,
is known to be a good book-keeper. , .
:
... seems...
... appears...
... happens...
... proves...
... turns out...
... is likely...
... is unlikely...
... is sure...
... is certain...
My colleagues appeared to be discussing a very important problem. , , .
6
- , , . Participle I ( ) Participle II ( ). , .
. Participle I (Present Participle) - .
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | sending 1. (-) 2. | being sent 1. 2. |
| Perfect | having sent | having been sent ( ) |
| Indefinite | coming 1. (-) 2. | - |
| Perfect | having | - |
. Participle II (Past Participle)-
|
|
|
sent
1. ,
2. ( )
Present Participle , , . Past Participle , . Perfect Participle , , .
:
1) :
I gave our customer some illustrated catalogues. .
Here is a list of the goods sold. .
2) , Continuous, Perfect :
We are discussing the terms of payment. .
The contract was signed yesterday. .
3) :
A page is missing from the copybook. .
4) :
Being busy he forgot about dinner. , .
5) :
I saw the manager talking to workers. , .
:
When typing letters the secretary answered the telephone.
, .
Typing Participle I .
7
. - , .
We received a fax sent by our customer. , . ( fax).
Knowing French well, he often went on business to France. , . ( he).
. , , , . . .
, , : , , , , .
The weather being cold, they stayed at home. , .
, , : , , , .
John lived and worked in London, (with) his family still staying in Brighton. , .
8
, . .
|
|
| ||
| Active Voice | Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| Simple Gerund | coming | Washing | being washed |
| Perfect Gerund | having come | having washed | having been washed |
Simple Gerund , -.
She is fond of knitting. . / .
Perfect Gerund , - .
We tranked him for having sent us the catalogues.
, .
Passive Gerund (Simple Perfect) , .
We insist on being informed in time. , .
, , , of.
:
|
|
|
) :
Reading is useful. . / .
) :
Our task is doing market research. .
) :
The movie is worth seeing. .
) :
They worked out a plan of improving working conditions.
.
) :
The customer left without saying a word. , .
:
On seeing the worker the foreman stopped. , .
Seeing - Simple Gerund .
9
. (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), (Annas) (Anna). .
, , .
Excuse my interrupting you. , .
I dont like him coming home late. , .
I knew about the secretary (s) coming at 8 sharp.
, 8.
1
1. , to do:
1. What do you do? - I'm an economics student. 2. There's nothing I can do about it. 3. She does well at college. 4. Your friend speaks English fluently, you don't. 5. Don't bother me. I'm busy.
2. , to be:
1. I am an economics student. 2. My sister is good at mathematics. 3. How old are you? -I am 20 years old. 4. You are to go there at once. 5. The manager is out. 6. He is tired. 7. Our experts are examining the documents. 8. My friend is working at his graduation paper. 9. The director is in his office.
3. , :
1. The data to be published in our newspaper must be accurate. 2. The problems to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting are very important. 3. The teachers to examine the students will come soon.
4. :
1. I saw him speak at the meeting. 2. Tom's parents don't let him play computer games. 3. I'd like you to visit us. 4. Let's get down to business. 5. I noticed him drive along the road. 6. He saw the manager reading the letter.
5. :
1. The visitor was asked to come in. 2. You are sure to have made a mistake. 3. The accountant was seen to leave the director's office. 4. The situation turned out to be difficult. 5. The World Trade Center in New York was reported to have been destroyed by terrorists.
6. . Participle I Participle II :
1. When reading the article I remembered my meeting with the author. 2. She looked at the settingsun. 3. The forwarding agents () were sent to factory. 4. Ann is always well dressed. 5. I felt my colleagues speaking about me.
|
|
|
7. , :
1. The ship having arrived at the port, the workers began unloading the goods. 2. A cow being a sacred animal in India, beef is not eaten. 3. Being a nation of tea-drinkers, English people drink tea several times a day. 4. Circumstances permitting, we will begin working tomorrow. 5. The reception was held yesterday, (with) our partners being present.
8. . :
1. After passing my examination I went to the seaside. 2. Learning English is important for a businessman. 3. I hate being asked silly questions. 4. I like your idea of taking a holiday. 5. The secretarys duty is answering the telephone.
9. , :
1. Excuse my interrupting you. 2. The employees being in time for work is absolutely necessary. 3. The teacher didnt like the students talking.
10. :
Money
Money is the coins or banknotes that people use when pay for goods and services. It measures the value of things.
Coins and paper money were invented in China. People had used shell, cattle, lamb skins as primitive forms of money before it.
The word money comes from the name of the Roman goddess Moneta in whose temple silver coins were made. At that time money was a ring or an ornament, or a piece of gold and silver. Later cheaper metals were used for making coins instead of gold and silver. At present coins are made of different alloys.
Economists say that money has three functions. It serves as a medium of exchange, a standard of value and a store of wealth.
As a medium of exchange, money is used in trade. People sell products for money. Then they buy other products they need.
As a standard of value money shows the worth of the things. The price of a thing is the amount of money that people pay when they want to buy it.
As a store of wealth, money is kept in banks. People can receive interest on their investments in banks.
Many countries have gold stock. A countrys money is based on gold standard. Gold standard prevents the value of money from changing.
Highly developed countries base their national money on the decimal system. The American dollar is divided into 100 cents. The British pound sterling has 100 pence. The Russian rouble comprises 100 kopecks. The euro contains 100 cents.
The euro, the single European currency, appeared in clearing in the countries of the European Union on January 1, 1999. On January 1, 2001 it was introduced in cash. Russia uses both the dollar and the euro in its international trade transactions.
Notes:
gold standard ;
gold stock ;
clearing .
11. :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , .
12. :
1. What is money?
2. Where was money invented?
3. What functions does money have?
4. What system do many countries base their money on?
5. What money does Russia use in international trade transactions?
13. , .
2
1. ,
to do:
1. What are you doing? - I'm learning English. 2. I have a lot of things to do. 3. She's doing all she can. 4. What do you want to do when you leave school? 5. Your son does his homework every day, your daughter doesn't.
2. ,
to be:
1. My friend is a cashier in a shop. 2. All my friends are good at economics. 3. This man was 30 when he started his own business. 4. After dinner we were to go to a movie. 5. Is Mr. Brown in? 6. He is interested in management. 7. I am working at my term paper. 8. Alec is at university.
|
|
|
3. -
, :
1. The people to work for our company must be honest and skilled. 2. The film to be shown will be interesting both for young and old people. 3. The letter to be written must be polite and interesting.
4. -
:
1. I watched the girl cross the street. 2. Anne's parents made her go to college. 3. I'd like you to type this letter. 4. Let's discuss our contract. 5. I saw her get out of the car. 6. She noticed many visitors waiting in the room.
5. -
:
1. The delegation was expected to arrive on Monday. 2. The secretary was told to stay after work. 3. He is certain to be late. 4. The young man was allowed to drive his car into the back yard. 5. Many people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.
6. . Participle I Participle II :
1. While reading books I always write out interesting facts. 2. We observed the rising sun. 3. The delegation has arrived at the airport. 4. She is wearing a knitted dress. 5. I watched the bus coming.
7. , :
1. The lessons being over, the students went home. 2. The contract having been drawn up, the talks began. 3. Entering the shop, we saw a lot of customers. 4. Weather permitting, we will go to the park. 5. The meeting of shareholders took place last Friday, many people attending it.
8. . :
1. The visitor came out of the room without saying goodbye. 2. Stop talking! 3. Signing the contract is necessary for us. 4. My responsibilities are doing market research and informing the boss. 5. Mother didnt like my plan of buying a bicycle.
9. , :
1. Excuse my disturbing you. 2. I like the boys playing the piano. 3. My parents didnt like me being lazy.
10. :
British Money
In the United Kingdom money is made in the Royal Mint. It is a British government department responsible for producing the official money of the country. The Royal Mint produces both paper money and coins.
In the Mint the metals come in the form of slabs. The right proportion of each metal is made for the sort of coin. The metals are put into large graphite pots and melted in furnaces for two hours.
Then the metal is poured into moulds which have the shape of bars and left to cool. The bars of metal go through heavy rollers and become thin metal strips. The strips go into a machine which stamps out circles in them. The circles drop into a box. The waste metal is collected and remelted.
After that the circles are annealed: they are heated to red-hot and then dropped into cold water. During the process of annealing the copper takes some oxygen from the air. As a result a thin layer of copper oxide appears on the surface of the circle. This layer is removed with a weak solution of sulphuric acid.
The hot circles are stamped. They pass through a special pressing machine which raises a rim of the coin. The rim will help the coin to live longer. In stamping the soft circle of the future coin it is pressed above and below by two pieces of metal called dies. The upper die stamps the heads of the coin and the lower die stamps the tails. The coin becomes hard again.
When coins are ready they are counted on an automatic machine, inspected by hand. Then they are recounted and bugged up by a machine, tied up, weighed and sent to the bank.
The old British monetary system was very complicated. One pound had 20 shillings (s). One shilling had 12 pennies (d).
The modern British monetary system is decimal. The pound is the biggest unit. One pound (₤) has 100 pence. The coins are one penny, two pence, five pence, ten pence, twenty pence and fifty pence. The banknotes are one pound, five pounds, ten pounds, twenty pounds and fifty pounds.
The British have not joined the Eurozone. They only use the euro in clearing with foreign banks.
Notes:
bar ;
roller , ;
anneal , , ;
die , , ;
heads , ;
tails , ;
clearing .
11. -
:
, , ( ), , () , , , , , , , , , , , , (), .
12. :
1. Where is the British money made?
2. Is the modern British monetary system decimal?
3. What is the biggest British monetary unit?
4. Have the British joined the Eurozone?
5. How do they use the euro?
13. .
3
1. , to do:
1. It doesn't matter. 2. My mother usually does the cooking and I do the cleaning. 3. My brother does well at school. 4. What does her mother do? - She's a book-keeper. 5. He can do 120 miles per hour in his new car.
2. , to be:
1. My mother is an experienced bookkeeper. 2. His son is good at languages. 3. He started working in a bank when he was 25 years of age. 4. It is to be a funny show. 5. You are mistaken. 6. He is out of town. 7. They are discussing the contract. 8. Ann is at college.
3. , :
1. The fair to open on Saturday will be the most important in the region. 2. At the meeting to be held on Monday only the heads of the departments will be present. 3. The dinner to be prepared will be tasty.
4. :
1. I heard him speak on the phone. 2. My boss often makes me stay after work. 3. I want my brother to know English well. 4. Let's speak about the terms of delivery. 5. I watched the boss get into his car. 6. We saw him explaining the task to his subordinates.
5. :
1. The contract was known to have been signed in July. 2. The children were allowed to play computer games. 3. You are certain to know this man. 4. The boss seems to be examining the documents. 5. The train was supposed to arrive at 10 a.m., but it was half an hour late.
6. . Participle I Participle II :
1. Having read the letter I decided to write an answer at once. 2. The specialists watch the flying plane. 3. Our experts are participating in the experiment. 4. This pencil is broken. 5. The manager watched the shop-assistants packing the goods.
7. , :
1. The documents having been prepared, the secretary took them to the director's office. 2. The morning being hot, the children went for a swim. 3. Having read the letter, the manager summoned the chief engineer and the chief bookkeeper. 4. Time permitting, we will go to the theatre. 5. The trade fair will be held next month, (with) many firms taking part in it.
8. . :
1. Before leaving the office the secretary closed the windows. 2. I dislike being disturbed when I am busy. 3. My task is sending and receiving faxes. 4. We discussed his plan of going to the South. 5. Looking after children is her duty.
9. , :
1. Excuse my calling you so late. 2. I was informed about the delegation coming on Monday. 3. I insist on him writing an answer.
10. :
US Money
The American dollar is one of the most important currencies in the world. It is widely used in international trade. Russias international currency transactions are done in dollars and euros. The world price for gold is given in US dollars.
The dollar is made up of 100 cents. There are bill of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 dollars. People also call dollar bills bucks. Bills are green. They are all the same size. You can see the words In God we trust and Liberty on American bills and coins. Bills and coins have portraits of American presidents. The letter $ stands for the US dollar. There are coins of 5, 10, 25, and 50 cents. The coin of 5 cents is called a nickel, 10 cents is a dime, 25 cents is a quarter, the coin of 50 cents is a half dollar. 1 cent is also called a penny.
Most Americans keep their money in a bank and carry bank cards. They can take cash from cash machines in banks around the country. Drivers can use cash machines at drivein banks. With bank cards customers can put money into their bank account and pay bills. Americans also use credit cards. A credit card is a plastic card that a shop or company gives to a customer which allows him or her to buy goods on credit in the shops. With credit cards people can borrow money from the company. Nowadays more people are using credit cards for the majority of their purchases.
Wall Street in New York is the symbol of wealth and prosperity of the USA. It stretches from Battery Park to Fulton Street. The New York Stock Exchange and the most important banks are situated there.
Chicago, the third largest city in the country, is also an important financial and business centre. The business heart of the city is called the Loop. Chicago is famous for the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Board of Trade. An electronic system is used in trading.
11. :
; ; ; ; ( 5 ); ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; - ; .
12. :
1. Why is the US dollar one of the most important currencies in the world?
2. What bills do American people use?
3. What coins do Americans use?
4. What banking transactions can people do with a bank card?
5. What are credit cards for?
13. .
4
1. , to do:
1. What did you say? 2. What shall I do? 3. What are you doing tonight? - Nothing special. Why? - Let's go to the disco. 4. What does his friend do? - He's an engineer. 5. What can I do for you?
2. , to be:
1. My father is a qualified accountant. 2. My classmates were good at sciences.3. He is too young to make a big decision. 4. You are to be at home at 10 o'clock at the latest. 5. The chief engineer is on holiday. 6. The Department of Economic is now fully computerized. 7. We are taking social science. 8. My son is at school.
3. , :
1. The exhibition to open in May will attract many specialists. 2. The hotel to be built here will be the tallest in the city. 3. The flowers to be planted in the street will be very beautiful.
4. :
1. I felt him understand me. 2. My parents let me go for a walk with my friends. 3. I know the company to be successful. 4. Let's go to work by bus. 5. The people saw the Twin Towers in New York collapse. 6. We heard him speaking at the conference.
5. :
1. The company is reported to produce different consumer goods ( ). 2. She was told to wait in the garden. 3. Nick is not likely to forget about it. 4. The article appears to be interesting. 5. His lectures are said to be good.
6. . Participle I Participle II :
1. When going to work I met my best friend. 2. The broken pen was on the table. 3. The secretary has sent invitations to the participants in the conference. 4. The clothes are washed. 5. I heard the manager dictating a letter to the secretary.
7. , :
1. The windows being closed, it was stuffy in the room. 2. The negotiations having been finished, the partners returned to their companies. 3. Having finished the work we went home. 4. Circumstances permitting, we will go to the exhibition. 5. The depression of the twenties and thirties was a time of great reduction in the economic activity, (with) many people being jobless.
8. . :
1. On arriving in Moscow the businessman went to a hotel. 2. I like to be invited to cocktail parties. 3. My duty is writing advertisements. 4. Smoking will do you harm. 5. I dont like your idea of playing football in the street.
9. , :
1. Excuse my writing to you. 2. I knew about my colleague being on vacation. 3. The manager insisted on us discussing this question.
10. :
Russian Money
The history of Russian money began more than 1000 years ago. The first Russian coins appeared when Russia was converted to Christianity. The gold and silver pieces were first made under Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (late 10th - early 11th century). Then there was a long "coinless" period. Minting was resumed in the 1380s, under Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy of Muscovy.
The Russian monetary system was founded in the early 16th century. It laid the foundations of national accounting and the present-day ruble. In the 16th century the chief currency unit was the silver kopeck. It depicted a horseman with a lance, which was Russia's emblem and the symbol of grand-ducal power. After the 1535-1538 reform of Yelena Glinskaya, a single monetary system was formed for the centralized Russian State. The ruble contained 100 kopecks.
In the 17th century Peter the Great brought into circulation various denominations: one-ruble, fifty-kopeck, quarter, ten kopeck, and other coins. Gold and copper pieces were produced in addition to the traditional silver coins. Coins were minted by machines.
In the 18th century banknotes were introduced in circulation by Tsarina Catherine II. In the 19th century the reform of Finance Minister Count Kankrin (1839-1843) was the first step towards turning paper money into money backed by precious metal reserves. The silver ruble was recognized as the principal monetary unit.
In 1892 Sergei Witte became finance minister. He did much to strengthen the ruble. At that time Russian paper banknotes were backed by gold reserves worth 1.5 billion rubles. The Russian financial system was founded on the basis of scientifically computed paper money emission rates. Thanks to Witte's reform, Russia integrated into the global financial system. The ruble became convertible.
The post-revolutionary period was characterized by great hyperinflation. The gold reserves in the country were rebuilt thanks to the New Economic Policy. The chervonets was the new unit equivalent to 10 pre-revolutionary rubles. It was in circulation until 1928. Afterwards, the government resumed its practice of high imission rates, and inflation returned. The Soviet ruble became an exclusively domestic legal tender.
During the first period of perestroika the inflation rates were very high. At present the Russian government is taking steps to stabilize the Russian currency.
Notes:
Legal tender - .
11. :
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; () ; ; .
12. :
1. When were the first gold and silver coins minted?
2. What was the chief currency unit in the 16th century?
3. What was the first monetary unit in the 19th century?
4. Why did Russia integrate into the global financial system at the end of the 19th century?
5. When was the chervonets in circulation?
13. .
5
1. , to do:
1. What did you tell me? 2. She just sits at home every day doing nothing. 3. You can do whatever you like with it. 4. What do you want to become? - I'd like to become a lawyer. 5. How is he doing?
2. , to be:
1. My uncle is a skilled economist. 2. I was never any good at physics. 3. How old are your parents? 4. They were to meet after classes. 5. My chief is on vacation. 6. I'm bored. 7. The customer is looking through the catalogues. 8. The bank is next to the post-office.
3. , :
1. The conference to open in October will be attended by 200 people. 2. The people to be invited to the party must be your son's best friends. 3. The house to be built near our office will be very beautiful.
4. :
1. I heard the director discuss this problem with his subordinates. 2. My father made me return home. 3. I expect this business to be profitable. 4. Let's translate the letters from English into Russian. 5. The people saw the first airliner crash into the skyscraper. 6. We noticed him showing the catalogues to the customers.
5. :
1. The talks are supposed to begin next month. 2. He must hurry. He is likely to read a lot. 3. He proved to be working in the library. 4. The manager was heard to explain the task to his subordinates. 5. The strike was expected to begin the next day.
6. . Participle I Participle II :
1. When drawing up a contract we consulted the experts and lawyers. 2. The arrested terrorists were put into prison. 3. Our partners are coming tomorrow. 4. The floor is painted. 5. We saw the programmer working on the computer.
7. , :
1. The goods having been delivered, the inspectors began checking them. 2 Time permitting, the participants in the conference will go sightseeing. 3. During the worldwide economic depression a lot of factories and plants were closed in different countries, the crisis causing a lot of unemployment and poverty. 4. A new mine having been opened, many people got jobs. 5. Reading business newspapers every day, he always knew about the economic situation in the country and abroad.
8. . :
1. On coming into the room the director made a telephone call. 2. I prefer staying at home over the weekend. 3. My plan was starting a small business. 4. There was no hope of finishing the work in time. 5. Travelling abroad is expensive.
9. , :
1. Excuse my coming so late. 2. The secretary didnt like the visitors smoking in the room. 3. The director insisted in his assistant doing the work.
10. :
Banking
Banking is the business activity of banks or similar institutions.
Banks sell financial services such as car loans, home mortgage loans, business loans, checking accounts, and credit card services.
Some people keep their money in the bank. Others borrow money, if they want to buy cars, houses or start businesses. Banks are intermediaries for those who save and those who borrow.
Peoples savings form a pool of money. This money belongs to the depositors. The bank uses the money to make loans.
The owners of the bank are the shareholders. At the beginning they provide the necessary capital. All banks are organized on the joint stock principle and are registered public companies.
The bank is managed by the Board of Directors headed by the Chairman. The Board of Directors and the Chairman are elected by the shareholders at the Annual General Meeting. The Board exercises general leadership and determines the overall policy of the bank. The Board appoints a Managing Director who is a member of the Board and is responsible to it. The Managing Director appoints the senior executives who in turn appoint the staff.
There are commercial banks, saving banks, saving and loan associations, cooperative banks, and credit unions.
Commercial banks mostly serve business customers and support trade and industry.
Saving banks, saving and loan associations, cooperative banks, and credit unions are thrift institutions or thrifts. They usually serve individual customers.
Though there are differences between banks and thrifts, they often offer the same services to their customers (car loans, commercial loans, etc.)
11. :
, , , , , , (), , , , , , .
12. :
1. What is banking?
2. What financial services do banks sell?
3. Whom does money in the bank belong to?
4. How is the bank managed?
5. What kind of banks do you know?
13. () .
ANNOTATION LANGUAGE
The title of the article / text is
The article is titled
The author of the article is
The article was written by
