A typical British company consists of three groups of people: the shareholders, the management, and the workforce. The shareholders own shares in the company. Shares are bought by people as an investment. The management governs the workforce, that is the people who are employed by the company.
At the top of the company is the Board of Directors. The Chairperson (or President) heads the Board. The Board of Directors takes policy decisions and determines the company's goals and strategy.
The Board of Directors appoints a Managing Director (or Chief Executive Officer). Very often the same person holds the positions of the Chairman and the CEO. A public limited company must have two directors and a private one. The Managing Director is responsible for the running of the business. The Director gives instructions to a General Manager who exerts control over managers of departments.
Senior managers are at the head of the various departments, for example, Finance, Marketing, Production, Public Relations, Personnel, Research and Development. They are called a Finance Manager, a Marketing Manager, a Production Manager, a Public Relations Manager, a Personnel Manager, a R&D Manager respectively. Other companies may have a Sales Department, an Export Department, a Logistics Department, a Staff Department, etc. These Departments are headed by a Sales Manager, an Export Manager, a Logistics Manager, and a Staff Manager respectively. The middle management is controlled by senior management. Every company has a secretary.
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12. :
1. What three groups of people make up a British company?
2. What do we call a body of people governing the company?
3. What do we call the official who heads the Board of Directors?
4. How is a Managing Director appointed?
5. What departments may be included in different companies?
What do we call managers of these departments?
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1. , that:
1.I recognized those people at once. 2 "You are going on business." - "That's not right." 3. The secretary said that the director was not available. 4. "Hello. Is that Mr. Smith?" - "Speaking." 5. The news was so important that the family began discussing it. 6. The climate here is like that of Germany.
2. , one:
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1. I studied many schemes, but I liked only one. 2. His one aim in life is to become an economist. 3. I dont like your old suit, buy a new one. 4. One can see a lot of interesting things in this museum.
3. , it:
1. It's none of your business. 2. It's raining hard. 3. It's cold in winter. 4. It is nearly three o'clock. 5. It seems to me that his income is very low.
4. , - :
1. I have just seen my friend. 2. He will have done his homework before his father returns home. 3. The firm had delivered the goods by May.
5. . - -:
1. The latest data on the economic development of the country have been published. 2. The documents had been prepared before the meeting began. 3. The money will have been transfered by the end of the year. 4. His office is located in the City of London.
6. , to have:
1. Mrs. Brown had a small hotel. 2. He has got a lot of friends. 3. I have been going out with this girl for a year. 4. My brother has just sold his car. 5. You have to do this at once.
7. , :
1. To discuss the terms and conditions of our contract is the reason Im here. 2. Could you tell me where the cafeteria is, please? 3. My aim is to hire good workers. 4. I like to travel abroad. 5. Mr. Black was the first to congratulate his boss on his promotion. 6. We have come here to discuss our proposal.
8. , :
1. Im sure you are right. 2. The secretary told the visitor the director was busy. 3. This is the man I told you about. 4. I presented my sister with the book she wanted to read. 5. My friend said I was wrong.
9. , :
Remake, dislike, impossible, badly writer, sailor, fulfilment, building, graduation, decision, darken, criticize, harmful, helpless, dirty; to laugh a laugh, a head to head; armchair, dark-eyed.
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Advertising
Advertising is the activity of informing people about goods and services and showing their advantages in order to persuade people to buy them.
Advertising promotes products, services, and ideas in mass media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet. Radio or television advertisements are called commercials, they are included in different programmes and shows. People can see advertisements on billboards, posters, in video films. Potential buyers are sent leaflets, brochures and catalogues by mail. Letters, brochures, leaflets, catalogues, E-mail and fax advertisements are direct-marketing media.
Nowadays the Internet is widely used as a sales tool. Webusers can see a lot of advertisements on the Internet. These advertisements are called banners. Webusers find banner ads on home pages, webzines, bulletine boards. Cyberstores offer everything from cars to sightseeing tours.
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Advertisements are paid by a person or company offering goods or services. The advertiser controls the information about the product, the timing and repetition on TV or on the radio.
Advertising campaigns are usually organized and carried out by professionals. Successful companies have effective advertising departments. A lot of advertising agencies are engaged in the promotion of different products. As a result of a properly organized advertising campaign, a lot of potential buyers get the message and go to the shop or institution providing certain goods or services.
Traditionally, advertising is subdivided into product advertising and institutional advertising. The former aims at the promotion of a particular product. Product advertisements persuade people to buy a particular brand of goods. Advertisements for soft drinks, foods, chewing gum, toothpaste, tights, diapers, cars are examples of product advertising. The latter type of advertising creates an organizational image, a good reputation of a company.
Notes:
billboard
webusers
banner ,
webzine
bulletine board
cyberstore -
the former, the latter , ( )
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12. :
1. What is advertising?
2. What does advertising promote?
3. What products do cyberstores offer?
4. Who organizes advertising campaigns?
5. What types is advertising subdivided into?
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1. , that:
1. That man is my boss. 2. "Would you like to look through the catalogues?" - "Yes, that's it." 3. The secretary answered that the manager was tied up (). 4. Look at that smart car! 5. The message was so urgent that the secretary informed the director immediately. 6. Your plan is interesting, but that of your colleague is better.
2. , one:
1. One hundred employees work for the company. 2. She is the one person to do this job. 3. This diskette is unusable, take a new one. 4. One must be thrifty if one wants to be rich.
3. , it:
1. It's nobody's business. 2.1 began to snow at 3 o'clock. 3. It's hot in summer in the Rostov region. 4. It is 10 o'clock sharp (). 5. What is the date? It is the tenth of August.
4. , - :
1. The letter has been typed already. 2. They will have fulfilled the task by the end of the month. 3. My colleague said the he had left his keys on the table.
5. . -:
1. The prices have been increased. 2. The fax hadn't been sent yet when the manager asked about it. 3. The present will have been bought by the time you return from abroad. 4. The contract is being examined by our experts now.
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6. , to have.:
1. He has got a bank account. 2. The company has its headquarters in New York. 3. We have been studying English for five years. 4. I have never heard of it. 5. They have got to return home. 6. Lets have a celebration.
7. , :
1. To provide good services is the law of our company. 2. Could you tell me where the telephone is, please? 3. The purpose of my visit to the USA is to master my English. 4. Id like to speak to Mr. Stevenson. 5. Jim was the first to telephone me. 6. We are here to visit the trade fair.
8. , :
1. Im afraid you havent given any statistical data. 2. I hope our products will sell well. 3. He did all he could. 4. This is the girl I told you about. 5. The doctor understood the patient was feeling better.
9. , :
Reconstruct, dissatisfy, indefinite, quickly, author, computer, government, landing, situation, conclusion, lengthen, realize, dreadful, fatherless, witty; to run a run, dust to dust; apple-tree, blue-eyed.
10. :
Internet and Business
The Internet, a global computer network, is widely used in business. ommercial users communicate on-line and this communication is very cheap.
Many businessmen send and receive e-mail messages. Important information is incorded. Some American banks and companies carry out transactions over the Internet.
An increasing use of Web technology is demonstrated by General Electric. This famous company uses the Extranet. The Extranet is the companys direct link with its customers. Thanks to this technology, General Electric makes over a billion dollars a year in sales.
The Web has a lot of cyberstores which sell different products cars, household appliances, clothes, books, etc. These stores also offer vacation cruises and different services. You can see banner ads on home pages, webzines and bulletin boards. Buying from cyberstores is cheaper than from conventional stores. A web vendor can give you a discount. And though customers pay for shipping, they save sales tax.
Some experts say that at present selling on-line is not very profitable. Many companies trying to do business on the Web are not making a lot of money. They are working for the future, in hope that trade on-line will become everyday practice. Now companies and customers are only getting used to the Web as a marketplace. Buyers do not trust Web sellers yet.
Notes:
on-line - .:
e-mail = electronic mail -
a cyberstore = a store on the Internet - -
a webzine - -
the Web = the WWW = the World-Wide-Web ,
a banner = an Internet advertisement ,
a bulletin board
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12. :
1. Do many businessmen use e-mail?
2. What is the Extranet?
3. Is Web-commerce profitable?
4. Have you got a computer?
5. Do you use the Internet at work or in your studies?
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