1
that , .
1. that (, , , ) those () .
E.G. Can you see that little house over the river? - ?
2. that (those) .
E.G. This dress is nice, that dress is beautiful and trendy. , .
3. that (, ; , ; , ) .
E.G. The article that I am reading contains a lot of important information. - , , .
4. that (those) - . .
E.G. The weather here is dry, that of England is wet. - , .
2
one.
1. one () .
E.G. It's one o'clock. 1 .
I found only one interesting book. .
2. the one + "".
E.G. This is the one way to do it. .
3. one - .
E.G. The firm buys old houses and builds new ones.
4. one " ". one + .
E.G. One should know about such things. .
3
it.
1. it (, , , ) . it .
E.G. "Where is your office?" - "It is in the center of the town". " ?" - " ".
2. it .
E.G. It's late. .
It often drizzles in autumn. .
3. it .
E.G. Got it? ?
4
(Present Perfect) - (Past Perfect Future Perfect).
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| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | Future Perfect |
| I (you, we, they) have done / washed | I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had done / washed | I (we) shall have done / washed |
| He (she, it) has done / washed | I (you, he, she, it, we, whey) will have done / washed |
:
I have done my homework already.
.
Have done Present Perfect Active to do -
He had finished his work by 5 o'clock. 5 .
Had finished Past Perfect Active to finish .
By the end of the term the students will have written a term paper.
.
Will have written Future Perfect Active write .
5
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| Present Perfect Passive | I (you, we, they) he (she, it) | have has | (not) been | cleaned / given |
| Past Perfect Passive | I (you, we, they) he (she, it) | had | (not) been | cleaned / given |
| Future Perfect Passive | I (we) I (you, we, they, he, she, it) | shall will | (not) have been | cleaned / given |
, .
The report has already been finished. .
Has been finished - Present Perfect Passive to finish.
The letter had been typed by 3 o'clock. 3- .
Had been typed -Past Perfect Passive to type .
I think the work will have been completed by the time the manager returns.
, , .
Will have been completed - Future Perfect Passive to complete - .
6
to have (had, had) .
1. "". have got.
E.G. I have a car. = I have got a car. .
2. have Perfect Perfect Continuous.
E.G. I have lived in Shakhty all my life. .
I have been working for the company for two years. 2 .
3. to have to , - . to have got to.
E.G. Sometimes I have (got) to work on Saturday. .
4. to have to have breakfast (), to have a swim () .
E.G. Let's have a walk. .
7
( ) to. , .
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| Indefinite | to come | to write | to be written |
| Continuous | to be coming | to be writing | |
| Perfect | to have come | to have written | to have been written |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been coming | to have been written | |
Indefinite Infinitive , , . Continuous Infinitive , , . Perfect Infinitive , , . Perfect Continuous Infinitive , , .
, , , , , .
E.G. To know English is important for a businessman. () .
May I come in? ( ) ?
My aim is to become a manager. () - .
I like to go in for sport. () .
This is a book to read at home. () .
I stopped to talk to my friend. () .
8
. that (), if (), whether (), what (), which (, ), who (), whom (, ), when (), where (, ), how (), why ().
E.G. I wonder if you can come. , .
I don't know what you mean. , .
that .
E.G. I am sure (that) this business will be profitable. , .
. that (), who (), which ().
E.G. The man who is speaking to the secretary is our customer from Germany. , - .
.
E.G. I agree with all (that) you said. , .
9
: , , .
. ( ).
:
-er/-or: worker , translator ;
-ment: government ;
-ence/-ance: independence , reliance ;
-ing: meeting ;
-ness: darkness ;
-tion/-sion: taxation , decision ;
- ist: economist ;
-ty: unity ;
- ture: future .
:
- ous: famous ;
- able /- ible: comfortable , possible ;
- ful: beautiful ;
- al: economical ;
- ic: economic ;
- less: helpless ;
- y: rainy .
:
- ize /- ise: realize ;
-(i) fy: glorify ;
- en: darken .
ly: slowly .
re - -: redo .
, :
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dis-: discover ;
un-: unimportant ;
in-/im-/il-/ir-: inconvenient , impolite , illiterate -, irrational ;
non -: non-stop ;
mis -: misunderstand .
. , , :
a saw ()- to saw ().
. , :
group () + mate ()= groupmate ().
1
1. , that:
1. There were no railroads in those days. 2. "The results of the experiment are good." - "Yes, that's true." 3. "Who are those businessmen in the office?" - "They are our partners from China." 4. The worker informed the foreman that he was ill. 5. We were so busy that forgot about the lunch. 6. The buildings here are taller than those in my town.
2. , one:
1. I have one true friend. 2. Bob is the one man to fill this position (). 3. "Have you got a spare pen?" - "I have got one." 4. One can eat well in this cafe.
3. , it:
1. "Hello?" - "Good morning. It's John Brown again." 2. It was raining all day yesterday. 3. It is never too late to learn. 4. It's Monday. 5. It is necessary for a businessman to know English.
4. , - -:
1. We have seen a lot of places of interest. 2. They will have passed their exam by the end of June. 3. He said that he had found a good job.
5. . - -:
1. The letters have already been signed. 2. The goods had been delivered by the 15th of July. 3. The invitations to the party will have been sent by Saturday. 4. The World Trade Organisation was formed in 1994 to promote free trade.
6. , to have:
1. This American company has two subsidiaries in Europe. 2. We have been having talks for three hours. 3. They have got a comfortable flat. 4. I have known Peter for ten years. 5. The secretary has to answer a lot of letters. 6. They are having dinner in the dining room.
7. , :
1. To have experience in book-keeping is necessary for this job. 2. Can I help you? 3. What you should do first is to reserve a room at a hotel for our guest. 4. Id like ( ) to leave a message for Mr. White. 5. The delegation from Japan was the first to arrive at the conference. 6. They have arrived to make a deal with us.
8. , :
1. I hope youll excuse my English. Im a little out of practice. 2. Have you heard your main competitor is cutting his prices? 3. You can take any book you like. 4. I informed the manager I was unwell. 5. This is the house where I lived when I was young.
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9. , :
Rewrite, disagree, unhappy, slowly, teacher, cleaner, development, beginning, action, division, organize, widen, useful, useless, rainy; to look a look, a book to book; textbook, fair-haired.
10. :
Economics
Economics is the oldest of all the social sciences. The study of this science helps people to understand the development of civilization and modem economic situation.
Economics is the study of the production of wealth and the distribution and consumption of goods and services in a society.
Wealth comprises goods and services. Goods are things people produce and use. Manufacturing goods and growing agricultural products in large quantities aim at selling them to the people and satisfying their needs. There are economic goods and free goods. Economic goods are the things people buy. They are cars, TV sets, cassette-recorders, food products, clothes and others. Free goods are things that people have without paying for them. They are air, sunshine, and water in rivers and streams.
Services are also provided to meet the public needs. A society has postal, financial, repair, transport services, communications, training, etc. At present the national economies of many countries are shifting to services and high-technology businesses.
Goods and services are distributed among the people in a society and the parts of a country. Products are delivered to shops, cafes, restaurants, cinemas and other businesses. Services are supplied to individuals, groups of people, and organizations. Economics deals with the methods of distribution of goods and services and the problem of their scarcity.
Consumption is buying and using things and services. The level of consumption depends on the state of the economy. When a country prospers in the boom days, consumers have a lot of money and purchase many things including luxury items. In a recession unemployment rises, incomes fall; consumers buy fewer things and prefer cheaper items.
Economics also deals with the system according to which the money, industry, agriculture and trade of a nation are organized. A country's economy is the wealth that it gets from business and industry. The economy comprises people, companies, the government and local authorities. The activities of the government play an important part in the economic sphere. The actions of the government influence production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
The profession of an economist is very important in modern life. Economists develop models of the working of the economy. They predict economic trends and help the government and companies to take decisions in economic policy and business.
11. :
, , , , , , () , , , , , , () , , , () , , , , .
12. :
l. Is economics an old science?
2. What is economics?
3. What does wealth comprise?
4. When does consumption of goods rise and fall?
5. Do the actions of the government influence the economy of the country?
13. , .
2
1. , that:
1. This journey is more comfortable than that one. 2. "I can give you an appointment at 9." -"That'll be fine." 3. The telephone operator said that the line was busy. 4. Where did you buy those clothes? 5. The travellers were so tired that they couldn't walk. 6. The rivers in this country have more fish than those in other countries.
2. , one:
1. The nearest big city is one hundred miles away. 2. Your wife is the one person to help you. 3. When on holiday, I don't like to visit familiar places, I prefer new ones. 4. One can find a job in big cities.
3. , it:
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1. "Who is it?" - "It's me Anne." 2. It seldom snows in this part of the country. 3. It was dark in the room. 4. "What time is it?" - "It's 6.30." 5. It is important to get a good education.
4. , - -:
1. His parents have bought him a computer. 2. I will have finished my work before my brother comes home. 3. The secretary informed us that the delegation had already arrived.
5. . - -:
1.The machines have already been installed. 2. The director had been informed about the trade fair before he received an official invitation. 3. The goods will have been packed by your coming. 4. Many customers, refuse to buy genetically modified foods.
6. , to have:
1. The firm has customers in different European countries. 2. I have got a calculator. 3. They have been having negotiations for two hours. 4. Bob and Ann have been married for two years. 5. Ive got to go. 6. Lets have a break.
7. , :
1. To meet our customers demands is the aim of our company. 2. Excuse me, may I smoke here? 3. My plan is to start a small business ( ). 4. I want to take a taxi. 5. Mrs. Johnson was the last to leave the office. 6. A customer is here to meet the manager.
8. , :
1. I think well leave questions to the end. 2. We suppose you always deliver your goods on time. 3. Is there anything you want to add? 4. I hope everything will be O.K. 5. Mr. Smith, I would like you to meet the journalist who wrote about your company.
9. , :
Rebuild, disappear, unnatural, loudly, driver, drier, achievement, meeting, translation, pension, nationalize, broden, peaceful, hopeless, sunny; to drive a drive, a bomb to bomb; airport, dark-haired.
10. :
Management
Management is the act or art of the conducting or supervising of a business. It implies planning, organization. motivation and control while setting and reaching the goals of a company.
Managing staff is the collective body of people who run or direct an organisation, an enterprise, a firm, etc. A manager is a professional who plans, organizes and controls a business.
Different organizations have different structures of management. Some American experts distinguish three levels of management: the top level, the middle level and the low level.
Top (executive) management is usually represented by the chairman of the board of directors, the president and the vice-president of a corporation, the chancellor of a college.
Top executives concern themselves with corporate values - the priorities that dictate how organizations should work. They exercise general leadership.
Top executive must be strong leaders who are able to take charge and steer the organization in the direction of improvement and progress. They work out the proper development strategy for their companies or enterprises. They specify if the enterprises are capable of producing, appraise the state of the capacities and determine their profits. Top management must respond to quickly changing business conditions.
Managers of departments at companies, deans of faculties at colleges, directors of branches and other administrators belong to middle (administrative) management.
Many responsibilities are delegated to this level. Administrators make important decisions in their specific fields. They are connected with their boss, peers, subordinates and customers. They organize collective thinking and problem solving. Managers run meetings and conduct negotiations. They deal with hiring, firing, promotions and demotions.
Low management is represented by foremen at enterprises; supervisors, heads of sections at companies; heads of departments at schools of business; head nurses at hospitals, etc.
These people deal with employees. They maintain discipline, explain tasks to subordinates, correct mistakes and compliment achievements. Their activities are directly connected with production and practical work. They take control over fulfilment of production assignments. They are responsible for using raw materials and equipment.
11. :
; () ; ; ; ; ( ); ; ( ); ( ); ; ; ; .
12. :
1. What is management?
2. What levels of management do American experts distinguish?
3. What are the duties of executives?
4. What do administrators do?
5. What work is done by junior managers?
13. .
3
1. , that:
1. He didn't mean that. 2 "I didn't see him." - "That's a pity." 3. That was a busy day. 4. The engineer informed the secretary that he was unwell. 5. The noise was so great that we couldn't work. 6. The air in countryside is fresher than that in big cities.
2. , one:
1. Five minus one is four. 2. The one purpose of my trip is do business. 3. Our boss trusts the old workers, not the new ones. 4. One should follow older people's advice.
3. , it:
1. It doesn't matter. 2. Did it rain yesterday? 3. It is warm in May. 4. It is exactly 7 o'clock. 5. It was impossible for the scientist to continue his experiments.
4. , - -:
1. The man has travelled a lot. 2. I shall have read the book by the end of the week. 3. The guide told the tourists that the plane had already landed.
5. . - -:
1. The expenditure on education has been cut. 2. The repair had been completed by the manager's arrival. 3. The payments will be made by the end of the month. 4. The Scottish economist, Adam Smith, was born in 1723 and died in 1790.
6. , to have:
1. The man had a bakery in Queen street. 2. I have got an electronic translator. 3. The company has been selling this soft drink for two months. 4. The girl has found a good job. 5. The book-keeper had to stay in the office after work. 6. Lets have a talk.
7. , :
1. To satisfy the customers needs means to provide good service. 2. Excuse me, could I have a magazine, please? 3. My duty is to give my son a good education. 4. I promise to be in time for work. 5. He was the first to come to the shop. 6. Im calling you to invite you to lunch.
8. , :
1. Could I speak to Mr. Smith? Im afraid he is out. 2. You know the machine is portable, small, and lightweight. 3. Theres nothing more I could give you. 4. You can take any video film you like. 5. I understood something important had happened.
9. , :
Reread, disapprove, unknown, happily, banker, actor, movement, reading, education, revision, advertise, redden, helpful, harmless, windy; to cut a cut, a hand to hand; ice-cream, light-blue.
10. :
