| ............... | 3 | |
| 1: | : . . , .................. | 4 |
| 2: | . .......................................... | 8 |
| 3: | . ............................. | 13 |
| 4: | , . .................................................................................. | 18 |
| 5: | . . ............................................................... | 22 |
| 6: | . . . . ............................................................... | 28 |
| 7: | - . - , . .................. | 32 |
| 8: | . , ........................................................ | 35 |
| ........................................................................................................ | 40 | |
" " "" ""
| 1, 11 | 1 |
| 2, 12 | 2 |
| 3, 13 | 3 |
| 4, 14 | 4 |
| 5, 15 | 5 |
| 6, 16 | 6 |
| 7, 17 | 7 |
| 8, 18 | 8 |
| 9, 19 | 9 |
| 10, 20 | 10 |
1.
: .
.
. ,
.
:
1. . .
. .
3. , ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. , ?
, :
1
1. ; , : Fe2O3, Fe(OH)3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(HSO4)3, FeOHSO4, FeSO4∙7H2O, FeOCl, H2Cr2O7.
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: Fe3+, FeOH+, Fe(OH) 
, HSiO3-.
2. : (II), , , (VI), (II), (III), .
2
1. ; , : MnO, MnSO4∙7H2O, (MnOH)2CO3, Mn(OH)2, HMnO4, Mn(HCO3)2, Mn3(PO4)2, SbOCl.
: Sn2+, MgOH+, MnO 
-, HPO .
2. : (IV), (II), (II), (III), (III), (II), -.
3
1. ; , : PbO2, Pb(OH)2, (PbOH)2SO4, Pb(MnO4)2, Pb(HCO3)2, Pb(NO3)2∙4H2O, H2MnO4, FeONO3.
: Mn2+, MnOH+, MnO 
, HCO 
.
2. : (III), , (II), , , , -.
4
1. ; , : Cl2O7, Co(OH)2, H4P2O7, NiSO4∙7H2O, Cr(OH)2NO3, Cr2(HPO4)3, ZnCl2, CrONO3.
: Pb2+, Fe(OH) , HSO , CrO .
2. : , (II), , (II), , (III), -.
5
1. ; , : Cu2, CuOH, CuSO4∙5H2O, (CuOH)2SO4, Cu(HCO3)2, HPO3, Cu3(PO4)2, MgO2.
: Cu2+, CuOH+, HPO , H2PO .
2. : , (II), c(III), , (V), (II), (III).
6
1. ; , : Al2O3, Ba(HCO3)2, CrONO3, HNO3, CaO2, ZnOHl, FeCl3∙6H2O, Pb(OH)2.
: Al3+, CrOH2+, HSO , Cl─.
2. : (III), c(III), (II), , (II), (II), -.
7
1. ; , : SnO2, SnOHCl, Pb(HSO4)2, HNO2, KI, Na2SO4∙10H2O, Ba(OH)2, SrO2.
: Al(OH) , Cr3+, BiOH2+, HCO .
2. : , (III), , , -, (III), -.
8
1. ; , : Na2O2, Cu(OH)2, (CoOH)2CO3, Ca(HCO3)2, H4P2O7, FeSO4∙7H2O, MnO2, CrOCl.
: Li+, ZnOH+, ClO , H2PO .
2. : (V), , (II), ; (III), (II), -.
9
1. ; , : Fe2O3, Fe(OH)3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(HSO4)3, FeOHSO4, FeSO4∙7H2O, FeOCl, H2Cr2O7.
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|
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: Sn2+, MgOH+, MnO , HPO .
2. : , (II), , (II), , (III), -.
10
1. ; , : Al2O3, Ba(HCO3)2, CrONO3, HNO3, CaO2, ZnOHl, FeCl3∙6H2O, Pb(OH)2.
: Pb2+, Fe(OH) , HSO , CrO .
2. : , (II), c(III), , (V), (II), (III).
:
1. ; , :
CdO, Cd(OH)2, H2CrO4, Cd(HSO3)2, CdCl2∙6H2O, Al(OH)2NO3, Fe(NO3)2, BiONO3.
: Fe2+, PbOH+, PO 
, HS ─.
:
CdO , , ;
Cd(OH)2 , - , ;
H2CrO4 , - , ;
Cd(HSO3)2 , - , ;
CdCl2∙6H2O , - , , ;
Al(OH)2NO3 , - , ;
Fe(NO3)2 (III), - , ;
BiONO3 (III), - , ;
Sr2+ ;
PbOH+ (II);
PO -;
HS─ -.
2. : ; ; ; (II); ; ; -.
:
(NH4)3O4; KClO3; CaSO4∙2H2O; MnOHCl; ZnHPO4; AlOH2+; P2O 
.
2.
. .
:
1. , ?
2. ? , , ? ?
3. ?
4. ? , .
5. ? , , ? , ?
6. . .
7. ? ?
8. ? , ?
9. , , ? ?
10. , , ? - ? ?
11. - ( ). . . , .
1
1. (65l()) (/): -10,7. , .
2. : 3() → () + 2 ()
∆0 (/) -1202,0 -553,9 -394,0
∆S0 (/-) 112,2 70,5 213,8
∆0, ∆S0, ∆G0 , . . (): 254; 0,17; 203; > 1477
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3. :
) Br2() + H2() ↔2HBr()
) Fe2O3() + 3H2() ↔ 2Fe() + 3H2O()
) 2SO2() + O2() ↔ 2SO3()
2
1. (36()) -1832 /. , .
2. :
6H12O6 (p.p) → 3(2)2() + 2 2() + 22 ()
∆G0298 (/) -916 -400 -384
∆0298 (/) -1264 -532 -394
, ∆G0, ∆0 ∆S0 . (, , ) ?
: -252 , -56 ; 658 /
3. :
) N2() + 3H2() ↔ 2NH3()
) 2Fe() + 3H2O() ↔ Fe2O3() + 3H2()
) 2CO() + O2() ↔ 2CO2()
3
1. 1,7 4,62 . .
: 46,2 /.
2. ∆G0 : + ↔ + , , : + 2 ↔ + , ∆G0= -43 /; + 2 ↔ + , ∆G0 = -30,5 /.
: -12,5 /.
3. :
) 2NO() + O2() ↔ 2NO2()
) S2() + 2H2S() ↔ CH4() + 4S()
) 2NH3() ↔N2() + 3H2()
4
1. 2,24 (..) 216 . .
: -2160 /.
2. ∆G0 : + + → + + , , : ) + 2 → + ; ∆G0 = -30,5 /; ) + → + 2; ∆G0 = 17,2 /.
: -13,3 /.
3. :
) NO() + NO2() + O2() ↔2N2O5()
) CO() + Cl2() ↔Cl2()
) Cl2() + H2() ↔ 2HCl()
5
1. 22() + 2 2() → 26() : ) ( ); ) .
: -312 -314 ( ).
2. 37 pH ∆0 ∆G0 -20,0; -29,3 /, . ∆S0 .
: 30 / .
3. :
) 2CO() ↔CO2() + C()
) 2NO() + Cl2() ↔2NOCl ()
) 2SO2() + 2() ↔2S3()
6
1. () / (/). ( /) (571106, = 890/), -37760/.
: 42,4 /.
2. 25 : 24() + 2() → 25(), ∆0298 = -44 ∆S0298 = 127 /. .
: -6,2 .
3. :
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) CO2() + C() ↔2CO()
) 22() + O2() ↔22O()
) 3H2() + N2() ↔ 2NH3()
7
1. () / (/). ( /): (122211, = 342 /), -5653 /.
: 16,5 /.
2. , 62() + 62() → 6H12O6() + 62(); ?
(): 2871.
3. :
) 2NO() + SO2() ↔ N2O() + SO3()
) Br2() + H2() ↔2HBr()
) () + 22() ↔4()
8
1. (22), . , 260 ?
: -1300 /, 4.48 .
2. , : 6126(-) → 2363(-). ?
(): -161.
3. :
) NH3() + HCl() ↔NH4Cl()
) Fe3O4() + 42() ↔3Fe() + 42()
) 2NO() + O2() ↔2NO2()
9
1. 6126() + 6 2() → 62() + 62(), ∆0298 = -2817 2() 2().
: -1260 /.
2. ∆G0 25 :
() + 32() → 4( + 2(),
3. :
) 2NO() + O2() ↔2NO2()
) S2() + 2H2S() ↔CH4() + 4S()
) 2NH3() ↔N2() + 3H2()
10
1. 1 32000 . , , , , "" 1 , 400 /. 8 / , .
: 10 , 80 .
2. ∆G0 25 :
4l() + 2 () → 2H2O + 22 ().
3. :
) 2NO() + SO2() ↔N2O() + SO3()
) Br2() + H2() ↔2HBr()
) () + 22() ↔4()
3.
. .
:
1. , ? .
2. - , . "" "" ?
3. . , - .
4. . , , .
5. -. .
6. . .
7. . .
8. "" "" . , . .
, :
1
1. , , 20 50. 2.
: 8 .
2. , :
N2() + 3H2() ↔2NH3(); ΔH ˚ <0.
3. 40% :
) Br2() + H2() ↔2HBr()
) Fe2O3() + 3H2() ↔ 2Fe() + 3H2O()
) 2SO2() + O2() ↔ 2SO3()
2
1. , , 16 . 2.
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: 40.
2. , :
2SO2() + O2() ↔2SO3(); ΔH ˚ <0.
3. 30% :
) N2() + 3H2() ↔ 2NH3()
) 2Fe() + 3H2O() ↔ Fe2O3() + 3H2()
) 2CO() + O2() ↔ 2CO2()
3
1. , , 50 32 .
: 2.
2. , : CO() + Cl2() ↔ Cl2(); ΔH ˚ >0.
3. 50% :
) 2NO() + O2() ↔ 2NO2()
) S2() + 2H2S() ↔ CH4() + 4S()
) 2NH3() ↔N2() + 3H2()
