, .. . 1864 - 67 . . ( , . .. . , . .- 90- XIX .).
:
( ), .
, . 12.3.
,
aA + bB = dD + eE,
, :
v = k C aA C bB (12.3)
C A C B - ; b - ; k - , .
, , (. 12.3) . , , (12.3) , . , , .
k , , 1 . .
, , , .
12.6.
1- 2- . , , .
|
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1-
:
d v = - ¾¾ = kC, d t |
- .
d k d t = - ¾¾ C |
= 0 ¸ t, 0 ¸ t:
t Ct d k ò d t = - ò ¾¾, 0 C 0 C |
k (t - t0) = - (ln Ct - ln C0)
k (t - t0) = ln C0 - ln Ct,
, t 0 = 0, :
1 0 k = ¾ ln ¾¾. (12.4) t Ct |
0 - ; Ct - , t.
, 1- ,
ln . - k (. 12.2).
ln t , . 12.2, , .
, , , (12.4) , .
(12.4) ,
. 12.2. ln - t |
, (, . .), . , . :
1 k = ¾ ln ¾¾¾, (12.5) t - |
- , x - , t.
(12.4) (12.5) ( ) , , - , , .
(t 1/2) (12.5):
1 t = ¾ ln ¾¾¾. k - |
= /2, :
1 1 0,693 t 1/2= ¾ ln ¾¾¾ = ¾ ln 2 = ¾¾¾, (12.6) k - /2 k k |
, (12.4) Ct = C 0 /2.
(12.6) , . , , 1 0,5 , 0,001 0,0005 . (12.6) , t 1/2 :
|
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0,693 k = ¾¾¾. t 1/2 |
, , , , (12.5). , . , = 100%, , , ,
1 100 t = ¾ ln ¾¾¾¾. k 100 - |
.
,
1) +
蠠 2) 2
:
1- -
d v = - ¾¾ = kC A C B, d t |
2- -
d v = - ¾¾ = kC 2. d t |
, , , 1- , . , 2- . , .
, , . : 1) C 0 A = C 0 B 2) C 0 A ¹ C 0 B.
, C 0 A = C 0 B = C 0. Ct A = Ct B = Ct. :
d v = - ¾¾ = kC 2. d t |
d - ¾¾ = k d t C 2 |
= 0 ¸ t, 0 ¸ t:
t Ct d k ò d t = - ò ¾¾, 0 C0 C 2 |
1 1 Ct - C 0 kt = ¾ - ¾ = ¾¾¾¾ C 0 Ct C 0 Ct |
1 Ct - C 0 k = ¾ ¾¾¾¾ (12.7) t C 0 Ct |
(C 0 = , Ct = - , Ct - C 0 = ),
1 k = ¾ ¾¾¾¾. (12.8) t ( - ) |
, C 0 A ¹ C 0 B Ct A ¹ Ct B,
d v = - ¾¾ = k C A C d t |
d k d t = - ¾¾¾ C A C Â |
1 C 0 B Ct A k = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾¾. (12.9) t (C 0 A- C 0 B) C0 A Ct |
(),
1 b (a - x) k = ¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾¾. (12.10)
t ( - b) a (b - x) |
b - ; x - , t.
1/ t , , , k; , (. 12.3):
. 12.3. 1/ - t |
.
1 1 t 1/2= ¾¾ 蠠 t 1/2= ¾¾, kC 0 k |
1 1 t 1/2= ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 蠠 t 1/2= ¾¾¾¾. kC 0 - C 0 k ( - b) |
, , .
12.7.
:
1) .
1.1) . ( ) , ( ). , , , . ( ), , . , , , .
1.2) . , , k, t 1/2.
1.3) . ln C - t (. . 12.2), 1/ C - t (. . 12.3), C - t 1/ C 2 - t. , , .
2) ( -, 1884)
v = kCn,
n - . , , :
lg v = lg k + n lg C.
(. 12.4), . , .
. 12.4. - |
12.8.
, . , , . . . , , , , - . -, - , , . , .
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- , . . , .
.
12.9.
, , , ( ) . , , , . .
( ) . : , . ( ) , , , , ; - . .
-
-,
10 2 - 4 .
, , . g
kT +10 g = ¾¾¾, kT |
kT kT +10 - - , 10 .
, , g 3. g 10n , n , :
v 2 kT + 10n ¾ = ¾¾¾ = g n, v 1 kT |
v 1 v 2 - + 10.
- .