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, .. . 1864 - 67 . . ( , . .. . , . .- 90- XIX .).

:

( ), .

 

, . 12.3.

,

aA + bB = dD + eE,

, :

v = k C aA C bB (12.3)

C A C B - ; b - ; k - , .

, , (. 12.3) . , , (12.3) , . , , .

k , , 1 . .

, , , .

 

12.6.

1- 2- . , , .

 

1-

:

d

v = - ¾¾ = kC,

d t


- .

d

k d t = - ¾¾

C


= 0 ¸ t, 0 ¸ t:

t Ct d

k ò d t = - ò ¾¾,

0 C 0 C


k (t - t0) = - (ln Ct - ln C0)

k (t - t0) = ln C0 - ln Ct,

, t 0 = 0, :

1 0

k = ¾ ln ¾¾. (12.4)

t Ct


0 - ; Ct - , t.

, 1- ,
ln . - k (. 12.2).

ln t , . 12.2, , .

, , , (12.4) , .

(12.4) ,

     
ln
 

 


. 12.2. ln - t

, (, . .), . , . :

1

k = ¾ ln ¾¾¾, (12.5)

t -


- , x - , t.

(12.4) (12.5) ( ) , , - , , .

(t 1/2) (12.5):

1

t = ¾ ln ¾¾¾.

k -


 

= /2, :

1 1 0,693

t 1/2= ¾ ln ¾¾¾ = ¾ ln 2 = ¾¾¾, (12.6)

k - /2 k k


, (12.4) Ct = C 0 /2.

(12.6) , . , , 1 0,5 , 0,001 0,0005 . (12.6) , t 1/2 :

0,693

k = ¾¾¾.

t 1/2


, , , , (12.5). , . , = 100%, , , ,

1 100

t = ¾ ln ¾¾¾¾.

k 100 -


.

 

,

1) +

蠠 2) 2

:

1- -

d

v = - ¾¾ = kC A C B,

d t


2- -

d

v = - ¾¾ = kC 2.

d t


, , , 1- , . , 2- . , .

, , . : 1) C 0 A = C 0 B 2) C 0 A ¹ C 0 B.

, C 0 A = C 0 B = C 0. Ct A = Ct B = Ct. :

d

v = - ¾¾ = kC 2.

d t


d

- ¾¾ = k d t

C 2


= 0 ¸ t, 0 ¸ t:

t Ct d

k ò d t = - ò ¾¾,

0 C0 C 2


1 1 Ct - C 0

kt = ¾ - ¾ = ¾¾¾¾

C 0 Ct C 0 Ct


1 Ct - C 0

k = ¾ ¾¾¾¾ (12.7)

t C 0 Ct



(C 0 = , Ct = - , Ct - C 0 = ),

1

k = ¾ ¾¾¾¾. (12.8)

t ( - )


, C 0 A ¹ C 0 B Ct A ¹ Ct B,

d

v = - ¾¾ = k C A C

d t


d

k d t = - ¾¾¾

C A C Â


1 C 0 B Ct A

k = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾¾. (12.9)

t (C 0 A- C 0 B) C0 A Ct


(),

1 b (a - x)

k = ¾¾¾¾ ln ¾¾¾¾. (12.10)

t ( - b) a (b - x)


b - ; x - , t.

1/ t , , , k; , (. 12.3):

 

 


. 12.3. 1/ - t

.

1 1

t 1/2= ¾¾ 蠠 t 1/2= ¾¾,

kC 0 k


1 1

t 1/2= ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 蠠 t 1/2= ¾¾¾¾.

kC 0 - C 0 k ( - b)


, , .

12.7.

:

1) .

1.1) . ( ) , ( ). , , , . ( ), , . , , , .

1.2) . , , k, t 1/2.

1.3) . ln C - t (. . 12.2), 1/ C - t (. . 12.3), C - t 1/ C 2 - t. , , .

2) ( -, 1884)

v = kCn,

n - . , , :

lg v = lg k + n lg C.

(. 12.4), . , .

 

 


. 12.4. -

 

12.8.

, . , , . . . , , , , - . -, - , , . , .

- , . . , .

.

 

12.9.

, , , ( ) . , , , . .

( ) . : , . ( ) , , , , ; - . .

 


-

-,

10 2 - 4 .

, , . g

kT +10

g = ¾¾¾,

kT


kT kT +10 - - , 10 .

, , g 3. g 10n , n , :

v 2 kT + 10n

¾ = ¾¾¾ = g n,

v 1 kT


v 1 v 2 - + 10.

- .

 






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