.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





(one-way function), - (hash function), - (digest function).

- () . , . ( ) , -, -.

- . - h(-) () - h(M)=H . . , - h(M) .

- :

- - ,
, , . .;

- - ,
', -,
;

- , - (
) , .

, , (), (. 3, ). . , , () , , . , , . , .

. . . , , . .

. , , .


. 3.

. 3, . -, , , . , , , . .

.

. :

- , , - ;

- , .

- MD2, MD4, MD5. 16 . MD4 SHA, 20 . IBM MDC2 MDC4, DES.

( ) . () ( () , (), (), ().

() . , , , . .

,
. :
.

. . , , . .

( ) , , , .

, . , , , : .


. 4. RSA

. 4 RSA. : , , , . S (D, )

S =Td mod n.

(, S). , (, n), , , S

= SE mod n.

, , , , , . , , . . , , .

, . , , : , (. 5).


. 5.

DES. DES RSA, . , , RSA.

 

:

1. ? ?

2. DES?

3. ?

4. -?

5. ?

:

1. . . . . . . 2009

2. . . . . 2009

 

 

17. OSI.

:

1. OSI

2.

3. DHCP

OSI

ISO (International Standardization Organization) OSI (Open System Interconnection). . , .

OSI . .

. . , . , . (traffic) . , .

OSI , .

OSI , . , . OSI 7 :

7. (application layer)

6. (presentation layer)

5. (session layer)

4. (transport layer)

3. (network layer)

2. (data link layer)

1. (physical layer)

. :

- ;

- ;

- ;

- ;

- ;

- .

OSI 2 :

,

,

- -, . . .

, - . - , , -.

. API (Application Programming Interface).

. OSI

. (packet) , .

. (), , ., , .

. , , , . , , .

.

(application layer) - ,

. , .

:

- HTTP ( -)

- FTP (FileTransferProtocol) ;

- TFTP (TrivialFileTransferProtocol) ;

- X.400 ;

- Telnet ;

- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) ;

- CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol) ;

- SLIP (Serial Line IP) IP . ;

- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) ;

- FTAM (File Transfer, Access, and Management) , .

( ; presentationlayer) / . , , , . / /, , .

: ( ) , (). , , SMTP , .. . , ( ).

, , , , JPEG.

() (JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF), (ASCII, EBDIC), (MPEG) ..

.

(sessionlayer) , . / , , , . , , , .

, , , . SMPP (Short message peer-to-peer protocol), USSD , PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) .

: ADSP, ASP, H.245, ISO-SP (OSISessionLayerProtocol (X.225, ISO 8327)), iSNS, L2F, L2TP, NetBIOS, PAP, PPTP, RPC, RTCP, SMPP, SCP, ZIP, SDP

, :

- ( );

- ( , ).

, , . , . , .

(transport layer) . () .

(, ) . . , . , .

, UDP , ; TCP , , , , .

- . ? , , (.. 900000 , 24 ).

: (, ) . . 100%, .. , .. . , .

:

- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP/IP;

- UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP/IP;

- NCP (NetWare Core Protocol) NetWare;

- SPX (Sequenced Packet eXchange) Novell;

- TP4 (Transmission Protocol) 4.

UDP , . TCP , , , , .

, , , UDP ( ), , , , .. TCP ( , ).

(networklayer) . (packet). . , ( MAC- ), , , .

.

( - , ) ( OSI).

:

- IP/IPv4/IPv6 (Internet Protocol) Internet, TCP/IP, ;

- IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) , Novell;

- X.25 ( 2);

- CLNP (Connection Less Network Protocol) .

- RIP, EIGRP, OSPF

(data link layer) , . , , , , , ( ) . , .

, , , , , . , . , . , .

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - ) : LLC MAC.

LLC (Logical Link Control), .

MAC (Media Access Control), .

, , .. .

:

- PPP (Point-to-Point) .

- FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) IEEE 802.6, , 200 .

- HDLC (High Level Data Link Control) , ;

- IEEE 802.2 LLC ( I II) MAC 802.x;

- Ethernet IEEE 802.3 , ;

- Token ring IEEE 802.5, ;

- Frame relay , 25 ISDN.

. , . : ODI, NDIS, UDI.

(physicallayer) , , , () . , 0 1 . . / : ; ; 0 1.

:

1. .

2. .

3. , , .

4. .

5. .

, .

, . . , . , , , ..

:

  • EIA-RS-232-C, CCITT V.24/V.28 - / .
  • EIA-RS-422/449, CCITT V.10 - , .
  • IEEE 802.3 -- Ethernet
  • IEEE 802.5 -- Token ring
  • IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth)
  • Wi-Fi
  • IRDA ( )

OSI : , , , .

, , . , FDDI .

, . , .

. , .

, . : , - .





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