, ( /etc/passwd):
chfn - .
chsh - , .
passwd - .
. .
, . , /etc/passwd ( vipw). /etc/group ( vigr).
:
1. ?
2. UID GID?
3. /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow? /etc/skel?
4. ? ?
:
1. . . . 4- . 2015
2. . . Linux 4- - 2012
20. Linux. . . .
:
1) Linux.
2) .
3)
4)
5) FS, ReiserFS, JFS, ext3 ext4.
1. Linux.
Linux /. Linux : / , .
Linux 255 , 0 / (). , . :
! @ # $ & ~ % * () [] { }' \:; >< .
( , ), \ ( , . . ).
Linux . FILENAME filename .
2.
Linux , , . . . , : , ( , , -), ( ). , , .
|
|
|
, - . . , Linux . (mount) , ( ) , - . ( ) , . , .
() ( umount), , , .
Linux (root filesystem). () .
: , , ( ) .
3.
Ƹ (. hard link) UFS- ( ). . , , . . , : Linux . Linux , , , .
+ . Linux - .
: . , .
. , , . UNIX- NTFS ( , ). UNIX ln. , - , . , , ,
:
1. , , - .
|
|
|
2. . , , . , .
, , . , , . , - .
(symboliclink, -) - , . , : , . ln " -s ".
. , .
, ? ? ls -l. .
4. .
Linux <> . , FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standart - ).
.
/bin - . /bin .
/boot - ( vmlinuz-...) , .
/dev - /dev ().
/etc - , .. , (, ).
/home - .
/lib - (, ).
/media -
, (CD-ROM', floppy- .)
/mnt - ( ) .
/ net .
/proc , , ( ) .
/root - .
/sbin - , /bin. , (root).
/tmp - , , , .
/usr - , (, , ..). .
/var - , . .
5.
Linux . : ext2, ext3, ext4, XFS, ReiserFS, JFS.
"" Linux ext3 , , ext2. ext3, ext4.
XFS
XFS SiliconGraphics 2001 . ( 7 /). XFS 64- , 2 . XFS 512 64 , , - , . , ; ; ; ( , ); inode . , , . , XFS .
|
|
|
: ; XFS , , , ( ) .
ReiserFS
ReiserFS , Linux Namesys. . ReiserFS - , . , .
, .
JFS
JFS ( IBM) AIX, Linux. JFS , JFS , , . , . JFS XFS, inode. (, FS). ( 512 4 ). , , , 4 , , , .
ext 4
ext4 Linux 2.6.28. ext3, . ext3 232. , .
| . | . | |
| 1 KiB | 16 GiB | 2 TiB |
| 2 KiB | 256 GiB | 8 TiB |
| 4 KiB | 2 TiB | 16 TiB |
| 8 KiB | 2 TiB | 32 TiB |
|
|
|
ext 3 ext 4
| t3 32 , 2 , . , , 2 , 16 . t4 1 (I) 260 4 . 16 (244 ). inode ( ) 128 (ext3) 256 . | |
| t3 o . , , . , t3 , . t4 . ( ), , , , . | |
| . - , , . , . | |
| () ( ). | |
| ext3 32000 , ext4 | |
| " " | ext3 , . ext4 " ", |
| (timestamp) , ext4 . ext4 25 2514 , ext3 (18 2038 .) | |
| ext2 ext3 . ext4 . , fallocate. | |
| e4defrag, e2fsprogs 2011 |
:
1) Linux ?
2) Linux ?
3) ?
4) ?
5) Linux? ?
:
1. . . . 4- . 2015
2. . . Linux 4- - 2012
21. Linux. ps, t.
:
1. ps.
2. top.
3. , nice renice.
ps
( ) 1 65535 (PID Process Identifier) (PPID Parent Process Identifier). PID , . PPID , .
Linux ps. :
ps [-]
.
. ps , . :
|
|
|
PID - ;
USER - ;
PRI - ;
NI - nice (. nice );
VSZ - , ( );
R E S - , ( ). , .. RES = CODE + DATA;
S - :
- R - ;
- S - "" ( ), ;
- D , ;
- T - ;
- Z - - , , .
%CPU ;
%MEM ;
TTY - , ;
TIME , ;
COMMAND , ( )
, . ps a -U. CMD: , - .
ps . , , .
, :
[user]$ ps -e
-o, , :
[user]$ ps -eo pid,user,cmd
, , BSD-:
[user]$ ps ax
, , "-":
[user]$ ps -ef
, , % :
[user]$ ps -u
nice, -l:
[user]$ ps l
PID , :
# kill 2484
, :
# killall < > - . , mc, "", mc. killall "" .
kill killall , , , . root, .
top
ps " " , . ps top " ". , top. , , .
, - , top . , , . , - "".
, , , , , , , , . , . , , : , . , ps, .
5 . ( ), , PID, . , top . ( , , Shift):
<Shift>+<N> - PID;
<Shift>+<A> - ;
<Shift>+<P> - ( %CPU);
<Shift>+<M> - ( %MEM);
<Shift>+<T> - ( TIME).
Shift+R -
top , <Q>. <Q> :
<U> (. . , , );
<D> ;
<F> , . %CPU, . . , ;
<H> top.
, , top , . <K> ( PID ), <R> nice . , kill renice, .
