- What do psychologists provide?
- What are psychologists trained to?
- In what sphere do psychologists help people?
- How does the psychologists training allow them to evaluate various situations?
- Where are psychological tests used?
- Can psychological tests include assessments of personality styles, tests of emotional well- being and so on?
- Is it necessary to have years of training for learning how to give the tests?
- Are psychologists granted the right to make diagnoses?
- Why did you choose the profession of a psychologist?
- Where would you like to work?
UNIT III
MEMORY
Listen, read and learn new words.
| sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory to make up to hold (held, held) to hold in memory to cite the facts to resemble after-images the centre of consciousness to learn by heart to process information processing to remember remembering to be aware of to go on to strike to strike our sense organs to store store on the basis so-called to transfer to pass to pass information data sensory data to attend to something to attend to the material pay close attention meaning thought to house to insert to remove | ˈsɛnsəri ˈmɛməri ʃɔːt-tɜːm ˈmɛməri ˈlɒŋtɜːm ˈmɛməri tuː meɪk ʌp tuː həʊld (hɛld, hɛld) tuː həʊld ɪn ˈmɛməri tuː saɪt ðə fækts tuː rɪˈzɛmbl ˈɑːftər-ˈɪmɪʤɪz ðə ˈsɛntər ɒv ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs tuː lɜːn baɪ hɑːt tuː ˈprəʊsɛs ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən ˈprəʊsɛsɪŋ tuː rɪˈmɛmbə rɪˈmɛmbərɪŋ tuː biː əˈweər ɒv tuː gəʊ ɒn tuː straɪk tuː straɪk ˈaʊə sɛns ˈɔːgənz tuː stɔː stɔː ɒn ðə ˈbeɪsɪs ˈsəʊˈkɔːld tuː ˈtrænsfə(ː) tuː pɑːs tuː pɑːs ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən ˈdeɪtə ˈsɛnsəri ˈdeɪtə tuː əˈtɛnd tuː ˈsʌmθɪŋ tuː əˈtɛnd tuː ðə məˈtɪərɪəl peɪ kləʊs əˈtɛnʃ(ə)n ˈmiːnɪŋ θɔːt tuː haʊs tuː ˈɪnsət tuː rɪˈmuːv | 1) -, -, 2) , , , , , , , 1) , 2) , , , , , , , , -., -. , |
|
|
|
Read the text
Memory
Many psychologists believe that there are three main kinds of memory: sensory, short-term and long-term. What makes up each of them?
Imagine that a friend who collects facts informs you about brain weight: a human brain weighs about 3 pounds, an elephant brain approximately 13 pounds, a whale brain - roughly 20 pounds. How may this information make its way into memory? When you simply hear your friend cite the facts, some remembering that you are aware of is going on.
Information that strikes our sense organs is stored on the basis of the so-called sensory memory (SM). Materials held by sensory memory resemble afterimages. Typically, they disappear in less than a second unless they are transferred immediately to a second memory system, short-term memory (STM). How do you transfer sensory data to the short-term store? All you have to do is to attend to the material for a moment. If you listen as your friend talks, you will pass into your short-term memory.
The STM is pictured as the centre of consciousness. The STM holds everything we are aware of - thoughts, information, experiences, - at any point in time. The store part of STM houses a limited amount of data for some time (usually for about fifteen minutes). We can keep information in SM system longer by repeating it. In addition, the short-term memory works as a central executive. It inserts materials into, and removes it from, a third, more or less permanent system, the long-term memory (LTM).
To move the information into the long-term store, you probably have to process it. During this deep processing people pay close attention, think about meanings or operate with related objects in long-term memory. While deep processing is one way to remember something, the other one is to repeat the information.
The short- and long-term systems continually pass information back and forth. The material in the LTM may be activated and transferred to the ST store. It is the ST system that retrieves both long- and short-term memories. Imagine that someone asks you, Do people have the largest brain of any animal? Some time after your friend's lecture, the necessary information will be given quickly, it is in the ST store. If the question about the human brain comes up a year later, you will have to address to your long-term store.
3. Read and translate difficult words:
To resemble, consciousness, by heart, to identify
rɪˈzɛmblkɒnʃəsnɪs hɑːt aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ
