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B) Complete the sentences.




1. English is spoken in....

2. English has become the language of....

3. The Welsh Language Society was formed to....

4. English is spoken as a native language by more than....

5. English is used as an official language in....

6. Most of the countries where English is spoken are....

7. In Shakespeare's time English was a language of....

8. Until the 5th century only... languages were spoken by the people of Britain.

C) Make up a plan for retelling the text, pointing out the main historical events.

d) Retell what youve learnt about the history of the English Language.

HISTORY OF EDUCATION

a) Education is extremely important for our civilization. Some countries contributed greatly to the development of educational systems. Read the text "History of Education" and complete the table containing some information about systems of education in different countries.

The name of the country Who was taught What was taught
Egypt The sons of nobles Reading, physical education, good behaviour
Ancient India        
China        
Sparta    
Athens    
Roman State    
Great Britain        

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1. As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out' so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people.

The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used in everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.

2. Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. In ancient India the priestly caste decided what should be taught to each of the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided.

Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures. In China, until the 19th century, education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart,

3. A clear example of the way in which even neighbouring peoples produce different types of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education to their children. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their homes and sent to live in schools. They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. The Spartans despised literature, and some people think they could not even read.

At the very same time, also for the nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education - one that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the "grammatist". Common people were not educated, they were trained in craftsmanship, workmanship, trades.

Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what education should try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and university education.

4. The Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools run by the government free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for three stages of education.

At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learned three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at 12 or 13, boys of the rich families went on to the "grammar" school to study the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, that is, what had

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been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to the schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking.

5. In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In the early 19th century the main system of teaching was the "Monitor" system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or "monitors" to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.

 

Remember the words and expressions:

essential , ,

to sort out , ( )

to find out , ,

to store up knowlegde

skills

nobles

the priestly caste

scripture , ,

Hindu [`hin`du] ,

by heart [hα:t]

to despise

a liberal education

to appreciate () ,

craftsmanship , ,

workmanship ,

to influence ,

schools run by the government ,

free of charge -

to provide

the Monitor system , .

b) Read the names of the countries and adjectives and translate them:

 

Egypt [`iʤipt] Egyptian [i`ʤip∫n]

India [`indj] - Indian

China [`t∫ain] Chinese [`t∫ai`ni:z]

Greece [gri:s] Greek

Athens [`æθinz] Athenian [θi:njn]

Sparta Spartan [`spα:t()n]

Great Britain British

 

 

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C) Find in the text passages describing the organization of education in ancient Egypt, India and China and compare them with the Russian translation below. Try to find five or more mistakes in the translation.

, , . , .

. 19 .

 

d) Find the passage describing the difference in education between Sparta and Athens and translate it orally into Russian.

e) Answer the questions:

1. Where did first schools start?

2. What made schools necessary?

3. Did writing make it possible to store up knowledge?

4. Who attended the first Egyptian schools?

5. What were the pupils taught there?

6. What did education in China consist of until the 19th century?

 

f) Find in the text and put down key words to speak about education in Roman Empire and Great Britain.

 

g) Express your opinion to the next theses:

Since the first schools started

a) education has been becoming more difficult.

b) education has been becoming more liberal.

 

EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

 

1. Ancient Rus was one of the early feudal states and held a leading place in the world history.

The Slavonic written language came to Rus from Bulgaria in the 9th century. Towards the end of this century the replacement of religious books in Greek for those in the Slavonic language began.

Between the 10th and 13th centuries Russians developed a high civilization, which formed the foundation of the Russian culture in the following centuries. During this period numerous cultural treasures were accumulated. The written works of the time show that the level of knowledge on most natural phenomena was as high as that of Ancient Greece.

Monasteries were cultural and educational centres. They had large libraries and well-equipped book-making shops, in which not only church manuscripts were

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copied and translated but original books were written. Today we can confidently say that Ancient Rus was a state of high culture and knowledge.

2. In pre-revolutionary Russia there was a network of primary schools for common people. Nevertheless illiteracy among common people was very high. Well-off people taught their children in grammar schools, commercial schools or secondary schools teaching no classics.

There were also schools for nobles only. Entrance to those schools was limited. For example, at lycee where A.S. Pushkin studied the number of pupils ranged from thirty to one hundred. Only boys at the age of 10 or 12 from noble families of high rank were admitted and studied there for six years. They were taught many different subjects. The most important were Russian literature, history, geography, mathematics, physics, logic, law, rhetoric and such foreign languages as French, English, German and Latin. Great attention was paid to different arts and physical training: riding, swimming, fencing and dancing. The aim of this school was to bring up intelligent people in the broad sense of the word. Those who graduated from such educational institutions usually entered the service of their country to realize their abilities and knowledge to the benefit of their state.

3. The history of higher education in Russia goes back to 1755 when the first University was founded in Moscow on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and in accordance with his plan. Later, universities were opened in many other big cities of the country.

4. After the revolution in 1917, education was guaranteed to the Soviet citizens by the Constitution and was free of charge, including higher education. Teaching at schools was carried out almost in all national languages. The system of education was the same throughout the country.

School attendance was compulsory for those between 7 and 15. Those who completed their secondary education and passed entrance examinations to higher education establishments received monthly grants if they did not fail in the examinations that they took at the end of each term. Higher school education lasted five years.

5. In 1991 the former fifteen republics of the Soviet Union became independent states. The Russian Federation, the biggest and the most powerful of them began to develop as a democratic state. From the very start democratic reforms began to take place in many fields of life. Changes in political, economic and social conditions required changes in the system of education. Its aim is to prepare the growing generation for independent life and work in new conditions.

New curriculums were introduced in schools such as "The World Around Us" for younger students and "Fundamentals of Information Science and Computer Engineering", "Ethics and Psychology of Family Life" for senior students. Along with state schools where education is free of charge there appeared many private schools, colleges, lycees, gymnasiums and different courses where students can study sciences and humanities including foreign languages.

6. At some schools the leavers are sent abroad to continue their education at Sorbonne in Paris, at the Universities of Great Britain, Germany, USA and other countries.

After graduating from those Universities they return to their country to work in different fields of national economy.

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A former student of a Russian school said on his return home:

"I was surprised how much there is in common between Russian and Western young people - their love for entertainments and the same kind of music and their wish to know everything new. I hope there will be time when young people from abroad will also come to our country to study.

Such exchanges of students will undoubtedly result in better understanding among people which in its turn will bring greater stability to the whole world."

Words and Expressions

treasure

illiteracy

well-off ,

grammar school

secondary school teaching no classics

nobles , ,

lycee = lyceum

to admit ,

fencing -

to the benefit

compulsory -

grant -

to fail in ( )

curriculum [k`rikjulm] ,

sciences and humanities

 

a) Write down the transcription of the words given below and remember them:

accumulate civilization treasure

phenomenon phenomena manuscript initiative

logic feudal private

religious psychology gymnasium

original throughout undoubtedly

intelligent





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