IR 1, 2 = U 1, 2 + e. (4.10)
(4.10) ... (ε = 0), (4.10) (4.2).
... e r, () R. , I V, U . R .
R = r + R
I (R + r) = e, (4.11)
.
... ,
U = IR = .
.
..., U 1, 2 I, t q = It, .
A = (j 1 - j 2) q = U 1, 2 I t. (4.12)
R:
A = I 2 R t = . (4.13)
, q :
A = (U 1, 2 + e) I t = I 2 R 1, 2 t, (4.14)
A = U 1, 2 I t + e I t , U 1, 2 .
A = e I t = I 2 R t. (4.15)
, : , .
P = IU 1, 2 + I e.. (4.16)
: P = I e.. (4.17)
,
P = I U = I 2 R = . (4.18)
. . , , , Q. ,
A = Q = I U t = I 2 R t = , (4.19)
- .
D R, , .
|
|
, D R, : D Q = I 2 D R t.
D Q / t I. D l S, ,
,
.. , , , .
, . :
(4.20)
E - . . < J max> - , . 0 < t >,
. (4.21)
. , , < U >. , < J > << < U >, :
< t > = < l >/< U >, (4.22)
< l > - . (4.22) (4.21) < J >:
< J> = e < l > E / (2 m < U >). (4.23)
I:
, (4.24)
n 0 - , e - , < J > - . < J > (4.23), ,
I = n 0 e 2 < l > E / (2 m < U >),
g = n 0 e 2 < l >/ (2 m < U >), (4.25)
, - .
n 0 , < U >/< l > . , ,
< D W > = 0.5 m < J max >2 ,
1, :
. (4.26)
w . < J max > (4.21), < t > = < l >/< U >,
w = n 0 e 2 < l > E 2 / (2 m < U >)
w = g E 2 (4.27)
- . - .
|
|
w = IE = I 2 / g = r I 2. (4.28)
, e, r, R. , R 0, , . :
I = e / r = Imax,
, - , , Q , . . , R ¥, , , . .
e = I(R+r) = IR + Ir = U+Ir
U = e - I r. (4.29)
U (I) . U (I) e , .
e = UI =0; r = e / IU =0. (4.30)
, :
N = e I. (4.31)
(4.31) I = e /(R + r) , :
N = e 2 /(R + r). (4.32)
NR = UI = I 2 R = (4.33)
. , .. R = r. , (4.33) .
, :
h = NR / N. (4.34)
(4.32) (4.33) :
h = R / (R + r), (4.35)
, R. R = r 50%.
|
(0 ¸ 7), , , ; . , R , .
1. .4. 3.
2. 3¸5 ( ), 0¸7.
3. , 10 ( , 103).
4. 1, .
5. , 11 .
/ | U B | I A | R | NR | N | h % |
1 | ||||||
2 | ||||||
3 | ||||||
4 | ||||||
5 | ||||||
6 | ||||||
7 | ||||||
8 | ||||||
9 | ||||||
10 | ||||||
11 |
|
|
6. 2 3 U = U (I).
7. I U (4.30) e r .
8. .
9. (4.33) NR, .
10. NR NR = NR (R).
11. .
12. (4.31) N, (4.34) - .
13. h = h (R).
14. .
1. .
2. - ( ).
3. , , .
4. .
5. , , R . .
1. .., .. , .: , 1974. II .
2. .. , .: , 1985. . 6.
3. . ., .. , .: , 1983. II .
4. .., .., .. . 1997.
5.
.
: .
: 8,4 , 2, .
. . :
. (5.1)
, R , , , . . , , R t .
, (5.2)
R0 00,
α (...).
0÷1000 α (3,3÷6,2).10-3 -1.
, , ( - ) , . (. 5.1) , . 0,35 () 8 (); 0,155 (Bi Pt) 18Κ (Νb Sn3). ( ).
|
|
, ( ρ ≈ 10-5÷10-7 . ) ( ). .. , (.5.2). . , . ( ) . , , , . , .. , 1 (1 = 1,6 . 10-19 ), 10 . , , . .
, :
, (5.3)
, ;
k = 1,38 . 10-23 / = 0,87 . 10-4 / ;
- ;
W - ().
R(T), (5.3), . (5.3):
. (5.4)
(5.4) , :
. (5.5)
, , .