, .. , , . , . , , .. , , . . (, - , ) . "" , .. , , .. . , , , .. .
, , , , , .
mi M , , .. , - - ( ). , . , .. mi Θ(mjΘ mk) = (mi Θmj)Θmk, , . mi mj mi Θ x = mj y Θ mi = mj, , . mi , .. mi Θ (mi)-1= , , .
: {-1, 0, 1} - . : -1 * -1 = 1; 1 * 0 = 0; 1* -1 = -1 .. . "1". : 1 * (-1 * 1) = (1 * -1) * 1. , , "0" : 0* ≠ 1.
{0, 1} . "" 0.
: , "" 1 2 , , , , 1, . : - , , , . , .. , "" "" , "" . , . ? ( : )
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: , , , , , , .
4G4 , [3], n! = 24, n - , .. . , , , , , - , - , - , - . , , , () - , , , .
G4, 8 :
0 :
{, , , } , , : .
1 , 3, 4 1, 2:
2 , 4 1, 2 , ( ) , , :
3 , , 4 1, 3 , ( .-. ):
4 , .-. , - , , , :
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5 , .-. (1-2, 2-1 , ) :
6 .-. (1-2, 2-1 , ) (3 4) :
7 , , - , :
, , , - 1:
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 6 |
2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 0 |
3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
4 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 1 |
5 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
6 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 3 |
7 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
, - 4 8 - {T0, T1, , T23} 4! = 24. 2, 3, 6 12 . .
9 , , 2- : {T0, T1}, {T0, T3}, {T0, T4}, {T0, T5}, {T0, T6}, {T0, T13}, {T0, T15}, {T0, T16}, {T0, T18}, 4 3- : {T0, T14, T20 }[4], {T0, T22, T23}, {T0, T17, T19}, {T0, T12, T21} , , [14].
, 1, 2, 3, 4.
2 (3124) - s4
3 4
4 |
1 2
4 (34) - (s1)2 * s2
1 | |||
1 |
5 (12)(34) - (s2)2
2 |
12 (312) - s1* s3;
1 | |||
0 ( (s1)4): 3 4
1 | ||||
1 |
1 2
5- S4
(s1)4 + 6*(s1)2 *s2 + 8*s 1*s3 + 3*(s2)2 + 6*s4
, , 6 (s1)2 *s2.