.


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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 5




26 ( ). , 26 0, 27 1, 28 2 . .

d ³ 2. . d . ³ d = 2.

d ´ d . 0 25. , , 1. ,

= 1 = .

, 26. , ,

2 17 + 5 9 = 79 = 1 + 3 26 = 1,

, , .

 

= ,

 

d - -. : d , . , d .

, HELP :

P 1 = = P 2 = = .

P 1 = = C 1 P 2 = = C 2

HTE.

. , , d = 2. , , 1. HELP , HTE. ,

= = .

= = = .

 

1 . ϳ 1.

. , HELP, , , .

, " ". : , CKVOZ , SAHARA. , , .

,

 

= , = = .

 

, -, ' .

,

′ =

, SAHARA CKVOZ. ,

′ = ,

( ′)1 = .

. ³ NAFG

 

= = .

 

- NAZ.

 

= = ,

 

NAVY.

, .

ճ.

 

= .

1 D :

 

D = 11 22 12 21 = 3 5 2 3 = 15 6 = 9.

 

2 *, , ij j - - .

 

* = .

ϳ ij ij ij, (1) i + j :

 

ij = (1) i+j ij,

11 = (1)1+1 11 = (1)2 22 = 1 5 = 5;

12 = (1)2+1 12 = (1)3 12 = 1 2 = 2;

21 = (1)1+2 21 = (1)3 21 = 1 3 = 3;

22 = (1)2+2 22 = (1)4 11 = 1 3 = 3.

 

, :

 

* = .

3 1.

, * D.

 

1 = = .

 

, 1 = , .

, , - j - , - j - 1.

 

1 = = = =

= = .

, , .

 

4 26.

 

1 mod 26 = mod 26 = mod 26 = .

: 135 , 5 26. 9 . 153, 180, 81.

5 .

= , ; , . 3.1; , . 3.1.

HELP.

' n - . . 3.1.

HELP :

 

1 = = 2 = = ;

1 = 1 = = mod 26 = mod 26 = ;

 

2 = 2 = = mod 26 = mod 26 = .

 

, 7, 8, 0, 19.

. 3.1 HAT.

.

 

1 = 1 1 = = mod 26 = mod 26 = ;

 

2 = 1 2 = = mod 26 = mod 26 = .

 

7, 4, 11, 15 . 3.1 : HELP.

 

 

3.3

 

. ′ , : .

, .

, ′ .

, , , .

, , . - . .

, , . , 㳺.

,- .

 

 

3.4 DS

DES (Data Encryption Standard) 1977 . . , DES , . , , 1980 (Ͳ). DES .

, .

.

' 64 . 64- , 56 ( 8 - ).

DES 2.

, DES . DES (.3.1)

 
 

 


 

 

3.1- DES

 

64- . , , , .

= m1, m2, , m64 M= m58, m50, ,m7, m 0 1. 3.2.

3.2

58 50 42 34 26 18 10 2

60 52 44 36 28 20 12 4

62 54 46 38 30 22 14 6

64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8

57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1

59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3

61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5

63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7

 

IP, 8 8 .

, . 2,4,6,8,1,3,5,7. , , .

- IP -1.

, . 5,1,6,2,7,3,8,4. , 3.3, .

3.3 ʳ

40 8 48 16 56 24 64 32

39 7 47 15 55 23 63 31

38 6 46 14 54 22 62 30

37 5 45 13 53 21 61 29

36 4 44 12 52 20 60 28

35 3 43 11 51 19 59 27

34 2 42 10 50 18 58 26

33 1 41 9 49 17 57 25

 

(.2.10).

.

64- M 32- L0 R0 .

, 16- .

Mi - i - :

Mi = Li Ri

L i = m 1, m 2, , m 32; R i = m 33, m 34,, m 64... :

 

Li = Ri-1, i =1,2,,16;

Ri = Li-1 Å f (Ri-1, Ki ), i =1,2,,16;

f . Ri-1, 48- K, 64- K.

, DES, 3.2

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 


K 1

 

 

K 2

 

K 16

 
 
(), 64

 

 


3.2 DES

 

 

L0 R0 M, , . , L1 , L1 = R0. R1, f (R1, K1 ). (. 3.3).

 

 

R i-132

 

 

i, 48

 

 

 

 

f (Ri-1, Ki), 32

 

3.3 - f (Ri-1, Ki ).

32- 48- . , 16 , , 3.4.

3.4

32 1 2 3 4 5

4 5 6 7 8 9

8 9 10 11 12 13

12 13 14 15 16 17

16 17 18 19 20 21

20 21 22 23 24 25

24 25 26 27 28 29

28 29 30 31 32 1

 

, 48- 2 48- K1.

48- 8 6 6- , 3.5 4- . ϳ , 4- 32- , ( 3.6).

3.5 Sj

 

 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
S1
0 1 2 3 14 4 13 1 2 15 11 8 3 10 6 12 5 9 0 7
0 15 7 4 14 2 13 1 10 6 12 11 9 5 3 8
4 1 14 8 13 6 2 11 15 12 9 7 3 10 5 0
15 12 8 2 4 9 1 7 5 11 3 14 10 0 6 13
S2
0 1 2 3 15 1 8 14 6 11 3 4 9 7 2 13 12 0 5 10
3 13 4 7 15 2 8 14 12 0 1 10 6 9 4 5
0 14 7 11 10 4 13 1 5 8 12 6 9 3 2 15
13 8 10 1 3 15 4 2 11 6 7 12 0 5 14 9
S3
0 1 2 3 10 0 9 14 6 3 15 5 1 13 12 7 11 4 2 8
13 7 0 9 3 4 6 10 2 8 5 14 12 11 15 1
13 6 4 9 8 15 3 0 11 1 2 12 15 10 14 7
1 10 13 0 6 9 8 7 4 15 14 3 11 5 2 12
S4
0 1 2 3 7 13 14 3 0 6 9 10 1 2 8 5 11 12 4 15
13 8 11 5 6 15 0 3 4 7 2 12 1 10 14 9
10 6 9 0 12 11 7 13 15 1 3 14 5 2 8 4
3 15 0 6 10 1 13 8 9 4 5 11 12 7 2 14

 





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