.
1. ( 2):
: Ni,t; Pt, Pd.
Cr2O3 (t: 400 600)
Cr2O3
3 2 3 3 = 2 + 2
4500
2. ( 2):
: 2SO4 ., t > 1400
.
2SO4 .
3 2 3 3 = 3 + 2
| t > 1400 -2 ( )
2 = 2 3
-2 -1 ( )
3. ( ):
: (, Na),
3 C3
| NaOH |
3 2 3 C3 = 3
| .-
Cl 2 --2
2- -2-
4.
: Zn
3 3
| Zn |
3 2 3 = 2
| | - ZnBr2
Br Br
.
1. sp2 , = s p, . p - ().
2. p - (=) , , . , , R.
.
1.
: 2
: Ni,t; Pd,Pt ( , )
Ni,t
CH3 C = 2 + 2 C3 2 3
2.
: Cl2, Br2 ( )
Br
CCl4 |
3 = 2 + Br2 C3 2
| | |
C3 C3 Br
1,2 - 2 -
.
3. .
:
HI > HBr > HCl
CH3 = 2 + HBr 3 3
|
Br
2 -
( , )
) +I + -
3 = 2
+I = (-) (+) . , , .
) p-
+ - + -
3 = 2 + + 3 2
+ p-
(p- , + () , - )
) p- s-
+
3 2 3 3
+ s-
4. 2,
: , 2SO4
H2SO4
C2 = 3 + 2 3 3
| |
3
3 -2
( , 2) ( )
|
|
5. KMnO4 (. ..),
33 = 2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3C3 2 + 2K + 2MnO2
| |
OH OH
KMnO4 .
6. KMnO4 K2Cr2O7 H2SO4
- . .
53 = 3 + 8KMnO4,+12H2SO4 103 OOH +8MnSO4 +4K2SO4 + 12H2O
7.
.
n2 = 2 (- 2 2 -) n
Al(C2H5)3iCl4
(2 = 2 )
5500
2 = 3 + l2 C2 = 2l + HCl
( ).
3 + 2 - 2
|
KMnO4 CH3 n
H2SO4.
.
KMnO4 +2, Pt
3 2 3 = 2 ¾¾¾¾ 3 2 3
| | H2O
OH OH +Br2
(. -) (H2O, CCl4)
-1,2 H2O, H+ +HBr C3 2
| |
Br Br
3 3 3 3 1,2 -
| | (. -)
Br
-2 2-
.
, 2 . :
1.
2 = (2)n CH = 2
2.
2 = = 2 -
3.
2 = = 2
= .
1,3. ( )
2 = = 2 - 1,3
2 = = 2 | - 2 1,3
|
3
2 = = 2
| - 2 -1,3
Cl
, . p- , . . .
.
1,3
1. .. ( !)
ZnO,Al2O3
225 2 = = 2 + H2 + 22
430-450