J-d-; .
1. .
2. .
3. J-d-.
4. , , (), , ( ), , J-d-.
, .. , , . . .
( ) .
. , . , , . , , . .
, , , () , :
= + , (1)
= .. ;
.
=
= + , (2)
.
100 ( = ), < .
. , 1 3 V. :
ρ = /V, /3 (3)
φ r r :
φ = ρ /ρ (4)
φ = %. (5)
,
φ = %. (6)
: φ, . φ = 100 %, φ < 100 %.
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, , , . 1 , 1 (1 ..). . . (/) (/):
d = / (7)
:
d = 0.622 /(), (8)
=
d = 0.622 /() (9)
r ρ ρ, :
ρ = ρ + ρ, /3 (10)
:
ρ = / RT; (11)
ρ = ρr + ρr . (12)
R :
R = 8314 / = 8314 / ( r + r), /( ∙) (13)
: , , , ; r r .
J i i. 1 (1 + d) , ..:
J = i + di, / . . (14)
() , . : . ( , ), . , . , , .. . , , .
( 1), t t t (tc ), φ.
J-d-
J-d-, . .. 1918. ( 2). () J, /, d, / . : (, 45), (, ), t , φ.
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φ = 100 % , . , , .. . φ = 100 % ( ) t, d = const d.
, ( φ = 100 %) tp.
0.9930 (9.93∙104 ), , .
, φ = 100 %. d, d = const .
. t1 φ1 t2. J-d- 12 ( 2). d = const, .
. ( ) J = const ( 2-3). , , , .
, , 2-3. 3 t3 φ3.
J2 - J1 , 1 , d3 - d2 - , .
() (). 7 1 3, 4. 3 5. 8, , 6 ( 9). 2. 12, 11 .
, , 10, .
.
1. , , φ1, .
2. 1 .
3. ( 30 - 50 20 - 40 ).
4. 35 1 .
5. . ( 5 11).
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.1.
1
- | t1 | t1 | t3 | t3 | t2 | h | ||
.. | . |
: , .
1. 10 11 ( 1) (φ1 φ2 ).
2. J-d- J1 d1 , 1 ( t1 φ1), J2 ( d2 = d1 t2); d3 ( t3 φ3).
3. (2) 1. (750 .. = 105 )
.2.
2
φ1 | J1 | d1 | P1n | P1B | J2 | φ3 | d3 |
% | .. | % |
4. -:
, /, (15)
R - , R = 287 /(∙);
V - .
V = a + h, (16)
, -
= 1,9∙10-4 3/; = 1,08∙10-5 3/(∙.).
5. , :
Q = MB(J2 - J1) /. (17)
6. , :
= M(d3 - d1) ./. (18)
7. (1-2) (2-3) J-d-.
8. t1 ;
δt1 = %, (19)
∆t1 - , .
1. ?
2. ?
3. .
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
11. J-d- .
12. J-d-?
13. J-d-?
.., . .: , 1960. 375 .
.., . .: , 1975. 496 .
.. . .: , 1973. 342 .
: . / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . 2- ., . .: , 1991. 224 .
., . . . -.: , 1984. -136 .
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