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8. .
, , - . - , t, C, . , . , - , , .
- , , ( ) r, /,
r = u" - u' + p (v" -v'),(1)
r = i" - i', (2)
u", i", v" - , , /, , 3/;
u', i', v' - , , /, , 3/.
, , , .
, .
. . t v', v", i', i", r, s', s". u', /, u", /,
u' = i' -pv' (3)
u" = i" -pv" (4)
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1. 10 "1".
2. 1, 13 "". " ", . , 4. .
3. 13 "".
4. 14, U, ( I, ).
5. 5, 7 8.
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U, | I, | P . . . | V, 3 | t, | |
1. 2. .. |
1. , 1 r , /:
r = (W - Q) t / (Vr),
W = UI - , ;
Q = 0,04W - , ;
r - , / 3. r = 1000 / 3.
2. , , [4] , 2.
2
v', 3/ | i', / | S', /() | v", 3/ | i", / | S", /(K) | r, / |
3. u' u", /, (3) (4).
4. , %, r, /, r, /, :
D = (r - r) 100 / r.
5. , , -v T-s-.
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[1 - 3]
1. ; .
2. -v T-s-.
3. = 0 = 1,
4. : , , , .
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8. .
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10. -v, T-s, i-s-.
4
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4. b(t), .
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dq = di + dl + d(2/2) (1)
, , .
, . , .. . (.. ), :
di + d(2/2) = 0 (2)
i - , - .
:
,(3)
b _ b _ 1, (4)
b = 2/1,
1 = 133.3 , ;
2 = 1 - , ;
1 = 273 + t1 , ;
R = 287 /(×) ;
k = 1.4 ;
b = 0.528;
F = 2.3×10-7 2 .
:
= P2V/(RT2) = bP1V/(RT2), (5)
, ;
V = (V -V)10-3 , 3;
2 , .
, 2 = 1.
(4) (3),
(6)
; t = ×(b b),
; = ;
t () , ;
b ( t = 0) b.
() 1 2 , 3, , 4. 5.
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2. . 1 , . 2. V.
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V, 3 | V, 3 | t1, 0 | , ... |
1. (4) b, , . 1.
2. (6) t(b), . 1.
3. b(t), .
4. .
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
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5. .
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11. T-s i-s-.
12. ?
13. i-s-.
1. / . .. .- .: , 1991.- 224 .
2. .. . .- .: , 1998.- 480 .
3. .. .- .: , 1980.- 466 .
.. .- .: , 1973.- 344 .
5