263
239
146
4, 5,11, 20, 51, 212, 243, 257, 259
6, 237
237
30, 33, 34, 55, 72, 113, 137
- 255
6, 307
46
128
4
(. md) 10, 69, 75, 77, 80, 81, 103, 116, 158, 159, 182, 195-198, 207,222, 245, 246, 250, 252, 254, 279, 296, 299
5,12, 244, 297
157,162-164, 206, 209, 213, 214, 223, 224, 226, 232, 237, 240, 257, 258
29, 56, 57
.
47
214, 238
27
217, 253
236, 260
126
196
163
260
, . 56
, 137
() 141, 142, 144, 195, 198, 217, 218, 241, 248
196
229
--, . 6
151
, 111
115, 248
.
125, 255
58
308
196
46, 54
() .
, . 7; .
117, 128, 138, 145, 151, 172, 173, 180-189, 204, 247, 288, 297, 307
-, . . () 56, 57
196
287
46, 54
.
210, 212-214, 223-225, 232, 309
, . 114
57,115,157, 225
, . 20, 51, 56
218
100
(. dGaldan) .
181
, . 146
(), 99, 104-106, 123, 136, 160,165,166,173, 175, 207, 209, 211, 213, 220, 222, 225, 231, 276, 305
263
, . 14, 20, 37, 51, 55, 70, 75, 91, 109, 128, 197, 232, 235, 236, 252, 263
6, 38, 48, 49,56
, . 52
.
260, 263
49, 52, 56, 70
56
196
, . 6
76
143,159, 217
39, 141, 163, 180, 211, 231, 257, 270, 303
213, 228, 298, 307
, 12
43, 53, 54
5, 6,16, 30, 33,170,171,195
6, 62, 88
303, 306
263
() 259, 291, 292, 296, 299
182
() 146
161
161
56, 70,162, 235, 303
(. ) 7
, . 125
.
196
24
196
-, 235
208, 209
, . 144
196
(, . rGyal rtshe) 7, 98, 105, 117, 143, 169, 170, 189, 194, 195, 209, 211, 219, 220, 224, 228, 230, 232, 235, 240, 254, 257, 262, 266-268, 270, 277, 279
287
180
(. rag dmar mGrin bzang), 54
(. rag dmar Ke ru), 54
7, 33,182,189, 203
, 183
, . 56, 260
, . 56
, . 121
, . 48, 86
, . 6
(. '), 122,143, 222
. , 75
236, 253
172, 205, 219, 230, 231, 257
|
|
|
, . 22
, . 6
, . 65
(-), . 46
128
( ) 56
() 116,144,170,195, 197,198, 202, 207, 218, 229, 252
263
, 248
257, 270, 274
() 153
199
138
() 199
, 81
163
196
256
-, 208
, 104
(. Jo khang) 17, 42,117,138, 143,155,165, 219, 234, 301, 305
, 12
100, 114, 115, 127, 128, 131, 133,135,142,148,150
127,148-150
248, 253
198
(.'Bri khung), 94
155,194,195, 288
- (, . mDo kham[s]) 222, 246
189
12
131
123, 260, 262
(. 'ri chu) 33; .
288
.
, . 15
196
27, 31, 56, 57, 70
12, 297, 298
(. gDan sa Thel), 95
(. 'ras spungs) 105,109-112, 114,123, 136,137,161,165,166, 173, 175, 183, 189, 207, 211, 213, 220, 225, 231, 233, 241, 277, 283, 298, 305
(. sDe dge) 160,196,198, 199, 217, 229, 248-251, 253, 254
5,12,14, 219, 243, 244, 297 240
.
151,162
115
( ) 38, 44, 46-48, 54-57, 70 76, 80, 88,121
38
, . 6, 53
12, 17, 30, 31, 36, 40-42, 44, 57, 58, 60, 66, 68, 77, 80, 82, 89, 90, 102, 103, 137, 146, 147, 151-153, 157, 172, 173, 177, 194, 204-206, 208, 214, 215, 218-221, 224, 228, 230, 231, 233, 241-244, 247, 248, 254-260, 270, 274-277, 284, 288, 292, 297, 298, 307, 308 151, 204-206, 212
50
33
, . 109
, 88
89
, . 114
146
147
70
, . 114
57
, . 95
() 6, 7, 33, 43, 54,111
89, 90
178, 226, 254, 270
171, 172, 205, 212, 219, 228, 270
11, 31, 81, 95, 105, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118, 125, 141, 157, 159, 167, 169, 183, 195-199, 216, 217, 222, 229, 231, 235-237, 241, 248-250, 252, 253, 256, 260, 275, 276, 296, 299
191
191
- 181, 208
199
, . 10, 229, 260, 275; .
() 146
() 236, 248, 253
6
46, 48
, 67
182
147, 270, 303
182
46, 47, 49
30, 36, 43, 53, 57, 77,172
() 55
, . 127
3-5, 11, 19, 20, 30, 31, 37-39, 44-51, 54-56, 60-65, 71, 74, 75, 80, 84, 86-89, 93. 97, 99, 100, 103, 113, 118, 119, 125, 126, 129, 137, 141, 144-146, 150, 162, 162, 164,165, 170,171,178, 194, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204-207, 209, 213-216, 219, 221-223, 226, 228, 229, 232, 236, 238, 244, 247-250, 252, 254-274, 277-280, 282-284, 288-293, 296, 297, 299-302, 304, 306-309
-, 235
46
(. ng ) 7, 10, 22, 26, 30, 33,117,142,160,161,180,189,190
- 46
88, 259
, . 76
207
, . 10, 37, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 56, 75, 76, 106, 107, 114, 115, 122, 126, 128, 131-138, 140, 142, 155, 159,
195, 216, 218, 245
|
|
|
, 236
(), 75, 110, 134, 138, 141, 151, 196, 197, 207, 216, 245, 246
, . 137
, 183
, 6
46, 47, 49, 57
(, . sKyi), . 7, 34,189
(. sKyi rong) 153
(. bLa brang), 187,196, 207
7, 116, 128, 145, 164, 171, 173, 202, 207
196
() 7
56, 95
, . 51, 62, 63, 76,109
163
, . 129,163, 202
, . 238
77
204
56
29
, . 19, 51,100
196
277
, . 110, 138, 141-144, 195, 196,
198,199, 253, 275
236
56
276
, . 57
196
207, 212, 225
189
(), . 56
46, 56
236, 253
, 15
(. Lha mo`I bla mtstho) . 246
(. Lha ri), . 163
(. Lha sa), . 7, 13, 17, 22, 34, 38-40, 42, 51, 54, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69, 79, 81, 96, 103-106, 110, 111, 114-121, 126, 127, 130, 133-139, 141-150, 152,155-158,161,162,164-166,170-172, 175-178,180-183,185-192,194-199, 201-223, 226, 228-241, 243, 246, 248-258, 260-262, 265-280, 284-288, 290, 291, 293, 297-309
181
() 7,191
196
196
, . 76
, 56
88
(), . 46, 48, 49, 56, 62, 70, 75, 76, 82, 84
. () 291, 292
(), . 7, 43,111, 146
20,113,118,119,126,140
(), . 48, 50,100
, . 236
, 34
36
(. r yul) 7
288
, 163
, . 6,10
196
, . 53, 56
100
, . 6
106
3, 20, 84, 99, 100, 107, 110-113, 127, 131, 137, 150, 179, 196,197, 200, 209, 215, 219, 222, 223, 225, 233. 236-239, 247-252, 254, 255
(. on yul) 133
237-239
119,120
263
, . 160
-, . 235
50
307
196
198,199
, 189, 235, 239, 289, 300
(. Nag chu ka), . 136, 141,170,189
, . 181
133
189
181,189
(. Nam mtso) . -
99-101, 118, 164, 247-250, 252, 253, 256
, 196
(-) 50, 54, 57, 58, 60, 62, 73, 88, 89
6, 76
--, . 235
(. sNar thang) 92,145
302
(. mNga'ri) 7, 12, 31, 77,111, 118, 139, 141, 144, 167, 180, 181, 189, 231, 277, 302, 303
- (. mNga'ri skor gsum) 7, 91
236
11, 30, 38, 44, 50, 58, 69, 77, 82, 117,137,147,152,153,155,157,163, 171,172, 247, 255, 270, 277, 288, 297, 303, 307
277
, . 109,121
() 260, 303
302
152, 219, 233, 256, 276
(. sNye mo) 240
(. sNye thang) 158, 266
182
, . 6, 33, 37
- 237, 243
(, . Nyang), . 189
(. gNya thang) 153,164
7, 26, 30, 33,191
198, 217, 218, 248, 250, 251, 253
(. sNye'u gdong), 95-97,105
, 59
(. 'l kha) 103,165
- (-) 44
-, . 236
, . 114
57, 62, 63, 81
, . 62
(. hag mo grupa) 95, 97,103
183
, 79
182
, 98
48
180, 205, 208, 231, 288
243
, . 61
277
94, 97-100, 118-122, 125, 128, 131-134, 136-139, 144-146, 149, 150, 152, 154, 162-164, 171, 196-200, 204, 208, 212, 215, 216, 218, 221, 222, 225, 226, 229, 232, 235, 236, 248, 252, 259, 261, 262, 265-271, 276, 284, 285, 290-294, 296, 299-300, 303, 306, 307
214, 238
207, 214, 219, 223
207
ϸ ( ) 191
|
|
|
56
(. 5sPo bo) 10, 21, 26, 30,159
117,133,135, 139,140, 142, 158, 159,165,174, 210, 221, 232, 237, 242, 247, 277, 305
182
56
, 182
181
(. ) 7, 69, 164, 167, 180
, 189
(. 'han yul) 81
(. Rwa sreng), 7, 81,112, 241, 242, 245, 255, 256
(R lung) 233
(. R m h), 42,114
(. R s) . 34
- () 146
147
116
, 161
230
182
153,164
3, 4, 201, 206, 207, 212, 216, 219, 223, 228, 237, 309
, 12,163,180
109,110,182,183
, . 6,10
, . 54
.
(. bSam yas), 59-61, 66, 77, 207
, 217
196
, . 6, 7
, . 12
30, 37, 70, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 88
. , . 141,146, 290
, . 217, 218, 252, 258, 259
117, 153, 170, 173, 178, 204, 205, 210, 221, 230, 235, 247, 250, 257,288
163
224, 241
, . 10, 76, 103, 141,144,146, 170, 172,196,197, 202, 233, 253, 302
, . 20, 37, 44, 46, 88, 260, 303
56
259
50
( ) 56
239
287
299
76
, , . 37, 39, 52,197
() 39, 48, 50, 70,100
, 12
() 56 47
228, 247, 255, 257, 258, 298, 307 18
, . 14, 37, 39, 46, 51-54, 56, 58, 70, 142, 148, 162, 196-198, 217, 221, 225, 231, 235, 236, 253, 260, 263, 303
6
181
(. S r), 105, 109, 111, 112, 123, 136, 162, 165, 166, 173, 175, 183, 189, 207, 211, 213, 220, 222, 225, 231, 240, 256, 277, 279, 298, 305
, . 75
303
196
.
217
, 152
182
(. sTag lung), 112
161
() 27, 43
19, 258, 297
, . 144, 150
-, 57
, . 181
, 255, 257
245, 246
54
236
182
55-58, 62
, 218
57
56
50, 100
240
, . 47
54
46
180
(. bKra shis lhun po), 105, 109, 110, 112, 116,123, 134, 139, 150, 151, 177, 181, 207,
209, 262, 283, 301, 305
53, 54
() 4, 5, 11, 268, 272, 274, 280-307
6, 11, 13, 17-19, 26, 33, 206
6,12,14,19, 20
, 127
, 12, 237
(), 43
, . 7
20
, . 99,127
132
37, 38, 45, 46
- (. sPrul pa'I sde), 84
208
260
238
29
65, 70
, 77
.
- (), . 114, 115, 139, 194
, 299
299
, 263
() 48
58
(. dBus) 5, 72, 91, 94, 96, 97, 105, 114-116, 118, 141, 143, 144, 149, 166, 167, 169, 189, 191,195, 203, 231, 245, 296
- (. dBus gTsang) 97, 108, 299
-, . 238
- . 62
, . 215, 219, 222, 223, 237
, . 141,157
, . 114
, 120, 226, 248
164
51, 53, 54
207
56
263
258, 263
|
|
|
113,120,127,130-132
, . 106
56
, 127
, . 90
- 298
195
181,196
250, 253
181,198
46, 47, 49, 57, 60, 76
57
263
, 121
, . 6,10, 20, 29, 37, 46, 50, 53, 56, 62, 75, 76
128
, 52
, . 114
56
, 162
-, . 121,130
, 56,137
37, 46, 48, 50, 53
, . 91
(. bcial) 107
37,137,141,146,195, 236
287
(, . gTsang po), . 7, 10, 22, 27, 30, 33, 97, 170, 181, 182, 218, 276, 277, 300
64
163,180
(. sha yul) 180
64
64
(. gTsang) 5, 69, 72, 91, 94, 96, 97, 102, 105-107, 111, 112, 115-118, 141, 143, 144,149,151,167, 169, 189,
191, 231, 252, 296 7,182
196
, . 22
56
, . 56
, - 76, 80
19
, . 29, 76
39
.
() 103
181
287
56
37
118, 155, 156, 164, 200-202, 204, 206, 209, 212, 214-219
(), . 76
, . 14, 37, 52,103, 209, 215, 231, 235, 248, 252, 259, 261, 263, 275
-- 6
6
56
56
, 56
56
204
() 103,153,164
180
, 115
(. rTses tsang) 95, 97, 207, 266, 276
, . 6
12
, 140
, 109
, . 10,110,142,170,197
, 13, 144 169, 182, 183, 218, 224, 228, 232, 248, 259, 260, 262, 266, 267, 272, 273, 277, 289, 302, 303
, 241
, 59
(. yang thang), 6,10,11,181
38-40, 53-55, 57, 64, 70
198, 217
137
277
287
198
295
236
196
12
161
196
, . 249
199
199
(-), . 52, 53
(. mChims phu Nam ral), 54
, . 55
204
, . 46
160
246
218
196
287
, . 236
, 204, 205, 208, 211, 214, 215, 220, 260
196
251, 254, 266, 267, 303
218
196
56,195,197, 290, 303
196
(. Shab) 109
88
- 18,19
196
265, 309
, 12
55, 63
, . 95
(, . Zhang zhung) 27, 43, 44
302
, . 197, 226
.
153
54
(, . gZhi ga tse), . 7, 105, 109, 111, 112, 116, 117, 134, 141, 143, 152, 154, 155, 170, 189, 194, 195, 205, 220, 231, 233, 237, 262, 266, 267, 279, 282, 286, 288, 289, 302, 303
196
236
260
-, 113
() 56, 88
86, 89, 90
196
263
(. Yum bu bla sgang) 22
, 248
, . 14, 56, 86, 89,125,126, 144, 204, 221, 225, 229, 231, 249, 263, 303
, . 169
, . 6,10, 20, 33, 88,164, 198, 204, 229, 236, 248, 249, 260
227, 307
49, 303
(. Yar klungs), . 7, 22, 26, 34, 69, 95,189
(. Yar lha sham po), 78
() 22
205, 211, 218, 219, 257, 260, 266, 270, 277
69
充 3
.........................................................................................6
...................................................6
...............................................................................12
..14
...................................................................18
..............................................................................22
I. XIX.............................................................29
-1 ............................................................................................29
. .......................................... 33
VII ............................................... 40
................................................................................ 45
|
|
|
730 ...............................................................................................49
...................................................................................... 53
....................................................................................58
........................................................ 62
....................................................... 66
...... 70
....................................................... 75
.............................................................................................................80
..................... 88
...............................................................................95
, -.......................................................... 103
- V.
............................................................................113
- V ................................................................. 120
XVII . - V
............................................................................................122
- VI.............................................................................................133
-.......................................................................... 138
...........................................................................................140
............................................................................... 144
............................................................................ 146
. - VII .147
- ..................................... 151
- XVIII .
- 1788-1792 ....................... 152
II. XIX . .155
- ........................................................ 155
...........................................................................................163
................................................................... 164
,
- ................ 167
.......................................................................... 167
................................................................................... 168
........................................................................................... 173
............................................................. 176
............................................................................ 179
.............................................................................................. 181
........................................................................ 184
.................................................................................. 185
................................................................. 186
......................................................... 187
.......................................... 192
.................................................................................. 193
.................................................................................. 195
.......................................................... 200
III. XIX XX ⅅ.203
- XIII...................................................... 203
......................................................................... 204
- XIX XX ...... 206
......................................................................... 207
1904 ....................................................................... 210
- 1906 .
1907 ................. 214
- ........................................................ 215
................. 216
- ................................................................................. 219
1911-1912 . - ............ 219
- 1913 ...................................................... 222
-
....................... 223
1913-1914 ...................................................... 224
- ....................................................... 226
IV. 1913-1949 ..............................................................228
- XIII..................... 228
.....................................................................................229
20- 30- XX ................................................. 230
- XIII..................................................... 237
- XIII. 1934 ............. 239
- XIV........................................... 245
................................................ 247
30- ................................................. 252
.................... 253
........................................................ 254
.................................................... 254
....................................................... 256
V. . 1949-2000 ......................... 259
1949-1951 ................................................................................... 259
23 1951 ..................................................................259
.
................ 263
1951-1959 ................................................................................. 265
, ,
, , ,
.............................................................................. 265
........................................... 267
- -
........................................................................... 270
.
...................................................... 270
- - ........................... 274
-
. 1959 ........................................ 275
. .
1959-1965 .................................................................................................. 278
............................................................ 279
. .
.................................................................................. 281
........................................................... 283
1966-1969 ............................................................................... 284
(1970-1976)........288
, -....................289
...........................................................290
70- ..........................................290
( 1978 .)..........................................................................................291
.
..............................291
-..................................................................................292
- .
80- XX .293
. - XIV.
80- 90- ...............297
90- XX .......................300
XX XXI ........301
充308
...................................................................................310
...............................................................................319
..............................................................................327
酅339
( . 8-9)
[1] Bod, ( ) ︻.
[2] .. .
[3] , . . - . 13, o , 18 . , , ( . ..) [Shakabpa, 1967, . 146].
[4] -, : -, .
[5] , .
[6] XIV . . [run, 1997, . 53, 78].
[7] X. -, , , . .
[8] , 1240 . , .
[9] .
[10] , - , .
[11] () . 6- ( : , , , , -, ).
[12] () , . , .
[13] 1 = 28,3 .
[14] [ - 1890 .]
[15] . 7 1904 . (. [, 1992, . 259-260]).
[16] , , , , . . - . , , , . 1925 .
[17] - .
[18] ; .
[19] - XIV , 100 . . [- XIV, 2000, . 23, 26].
[20] .
[21] 1909 . - XIII, . .
[22] .
[23] , , 9 1955 .
[24] 2001 . 800 .
[25] , 1998 . 787 . , 71,6% [hina's idet, 2000, . 29]. 2,5 . . , 1998 . 573,5 . -.
[26] 1985 . .
[27] , , .
