, , .
I
0
- ↔ + Δ
() - 2 t˚↑
. ( )
,
,
II,
I. ,
.
-
1 -
|
0
.
1
n - (..)
V ( 3);
R - 1<0, ..:
(8,31 /) - ;
T () -
P. () ..
|
|
R = 8,31 / -
V 1 3 110-3 N
|
R = 0,081 /
V = 1
. n = m/ M
II
|
|
Ŗ - ʖ
( ) ( )
|
|
Δt˚ = t˚. - - t˚. - Δt˚ = t˚. - - t˚. -
: ۻ
1
7,5º , 1,5 276 (383).
. = nRT; .
V
(383) = 92 /
. = nRT = 2768,31280,5 = 465 360
V 921,510-3
: .= 465360 .
2.
65 , 13,68 (122211) 90 , 25 .
I , :
1 = 0 0N
|
|
N = n(..)
n(..) + n(-)
n(..) = m/M = 13,68/342 = 0,04
n(-) = 90/18 = 5
1 = 25103 - 251030,04/5,04 = 24801
: 1 = 24801 .
3.
40 % 25OH, =1,86.
II :
Δt˚. = ʷm(..)1000 = 1,86401000 26,9
Mrm(-) 4660
(25OH) = 46 /
m(-) = 100 m(..) = 100 40 = 60
t˚ .-= t˚. - - Δt˚. - = 0 26,9 = - 26,9º
: Δt˚ = - 26,9º.
8. .
, .
.
(α).
|
α % .
30% < α < 100% α < 30%
1. : H2SO4; HNO3; HCl; HBr; 1. H2SO3; HNO2; H2S; H2CO3;
HI; HClO4; HMnO4. H2SiO3; H4SiO4; H3PO4; HCN .
2. - 2. NH4OH; Cu(OH)2; Zn(OH)2 ..
( Be Mg):
LiOH; NaOH; KOH; RbOH; CsOH;
FrOH; Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; Sr(OH)2
.
3. .
.
1. HCl → H+ + Cl‾ H2SO4 → H+ + HSO4‾ HSO4‾↔ H+ + SO42- 2. H3PO4 ↔ H+ + H2PO4‾ H2PO4‾ ↔ H+ + HPO42- HPO42- ↔ H+ + PO43- | 1. NaOH Na+ + - 2. Fe(OH)3 ↔ OH‾ + Fe(OH)2+ Fe(OH)2+ ↔ OH‾ + (FeOH)2+ (FeOH)2+ ↔ OH‾ + Fe3+ |
:
1. , .
2. , (OH‾).
3. , ().
4. .
.
1. () Fe2(SO4)3→2Fe3++3SO42- CuCl2 → Cu2+ + 2 Cl‾ | 2. NaHCO3 → Na+ + HCO3‾ . - HCO3‾↔ H+ + CO32- | 3. MgOHCl MgOH+ +Cl‾ MgOH+ ↔Mg2++OH‾ |
4. KAl(SO4)2→K++Al3++2SO42- | 5. CaOCl2→Ca2++Cl‾+OCl‾ | 6. K3[Fe(CN)6]→3K++[Fe(CN)6]3+ |
:
1. , .
2. , , () .
3. , , ( ), , .
|
|
.
, :
1) ,
2) ;
3) .
:
(6 , 9 , ),
, (), .
1. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2 NaCl + BaSO4 ↓ ( )
2. 2Na++SO42-+Ba2++2Cl‾→2Na++2Cl‾+BaSO4↓ ( )
3. SO42- + Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓ ( )