1. .
+ → :
2. :
) ) -
+ → : : + ڤ → :
3. (..) :
π-
.. .. ( ). ( -
).
::
1) σ- 1) π-
2) σ => 2) π > σ =>
3) σ-. 3) π-.
! .
! .
() - .. .., . => , .. .. .
3
.
| -- | .. | ... | ... - | |
                    1. sp
| + s p | 2 sp | 180º | Σ σ σ |
                                2. sp2
| + p s p | 3 sp2 | 120˚ | Σ σ σ |
                                         3. sp3
| + p s p p | 4 sp3 | 109˚28' | |
                                          4. sp3d
| + p s p d p | 5 sp3d | y z x | - |
                                                 5. sp3d2
| + + s p d p p d | 6 sp3d2 | y z x |
: ܻ
2.
.
1. (..) , .
1. 2+-2 => .. (..) = -2 => 2 ē.
2. () (..), σ-.
 |
2. ..() = 2 => 2 σ-. σ σ
3. .. .
8 1s2 2s22p4
II. IVA . 
2p
| ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| ↑↓ | |||
2s
|
|
|
4. , , .., σ- ( , (..). , 4 ..
 |
| ↑ | ↑ |
2p
2s sp3
2 σ
 | |||
 |
5. (. . .3).
 |
↑↓
+ p → → O
p
↑↓
 | |||||
 | |||||
 |
6. .. .. (, 1s1.
 |
↑↓
↑↓ H
H
7. (. .1 .3).
 |
↑↓ 
O
↑↓
H H
 |
4.
 |
| ( ) | , . | , . |
:
, (Q) (DU) ().
|
|
, = *DV Þ
 |
1 2
|
| ||||
 | |||||
1 2
 |
( const) (V const)
1 (U1, V1, p const) 1 (U1, V const) DV = 0
2 (U2, V2, p const) 2 (U2, V const)
|
1- 2-
Qp = (U2 + p *V2) (U1 + p *V1)
U + p *V = H ()
Qp = H2 H1, Q = DH Qv = DU
:
.
! .
 |
:
) (., ., .);
) ;
) ;
)
 |  |
