, .
- , , , , , , , , , , - , , , .
, , , , , , , , "" , , , " " (, , ) " " (, ).
, , , , " " (, ).
, , , . , , , , , . , , .
.
|
|
|
, . " " , , . "" , . , -: - , , , -: , . , , .
, " ", , . , . , .
. , , " ", "" .
"" - "" , : " ", ; " ", ; " ", , ; " ", . , , , .
|
|
|
" " , . " " , .
() (real exchange rate) , , , .
() (real depreciation of local currency) .
(real appreciation of local currency) .
(purchasing-power parity) , , , , .
, (freely floating or flexible exchange rates) , .
(fixed exchange rates) , - "" .
(managed floating) , "" .
(crawling peg) , .
(adjustable peg) , .
(currency band) , , .
(currency board) , .
-
1. .
1.1. .
1.2. .
1.3. , .
1.4. .
2. .
:
1. .. . . ., 1994. 7.
2.., . . . ., 1992. 40.
3. . , P. , P. . . ., 1993. 38
4. . , . , . . , - . ., 1991. 21, 22.
5. . . . .., 1994. 16.
6. . . . ., 1992. 15, 17, 18, 22.
|
|
|
7. .. . ., 1992. 21.
8. . , . . . ., 1997. 6. 1,2.
9. . . . ., 1996. II. 2.
1. ?
) , , , . .
) , , , .
) , , .
) , . .
2. 10 %, 5%.
) - ?
) , ?
3. , :
) , , (nontradables).
) , .
) .
) - , .
1. 2 , - 1 . ( ).
) 0,5 . , , ?
) , , 0,4 . ?
) , ?
2. 1970 10 . 1986 282, - 9138 (1970 = 100%). 1986 , .
3. , /, , 2%.
) , k, 4% ?
) ?
4. , . () = 80+0.8 (Y). () 150, (1) 100, (G) 200. NX = 20+30 eP*/P = 80. () 30. . ( ).
1. . :
) .
) .
) .
) .
|
|
|
) .
2. , , :
) .
) .
)
)
) .
3. .
) .
) - .
) " ", .
) , .
:
:
) 1 1 ; ) 0,8 1 ; ) .
2. 324 .
3. ) 2%; ) 6%.
4. 2 . 50.
:
1. ); 2. ); 3. )
