- , ² ². . . , . , . . .
. - :
1) , ;
2) ;
3) , ;
4) , ;
5) .
, . , (, ).
-:
: V = const, (1.1)
T = const, m = const.
, V, , - (.1.1.), , , .
-:
1.
V = V 0(1 + a ×t) = const, m = const. (1.2)
2.
( ):
p = p 0 (1 + a× t) V = const, m = const. (1.3)
(1.2) (1.3) , 0 , .
, , , (. 1.2.).
, , (. 1.3.).
(1.2) (1.3) , t = -1/a= - 273,15 . , .
(1.2) (1.3) , - :
V = V 0 (1+a t) = = V 0 [1+ a(T -1/a)] = = V 0 a T;
p = p 0 (1+a t) = p 0 [1+ a(T -1/a)] = p 0 a T;
p = const, m = const; (1.4)
V = const, m = const, (1.5)
1 2 , .
:
.
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V m,0 = 22,41×10-3 3/. , , : NA = 6,022×1023-1.
:
1, 2, 3 n, :
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n.
, , , , .
( -)
, . :
f (p, V, T) = 0.
(, V, T) . (, , ) . , , . , , .
. , -, -, :
. (1.6)
(1.6) , . .
.. , (1.6) V m. , V m .. . R R = 8,31 .
- :
p V m. = R T.
(1.7) - :
, (1.7)
m ( , / ); m - ; - .
, : .
(1.7) :
, (1.8)
( ). , . . , 1 3 , :
NL = 2,68× 1025 -3.
-
- . - .
, , , . D S , .
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, , . , .
, N , , 1/3 , ( . 1/6 ) , ( 1/6) - . , , , , ()
D 1= m 0 v ( m 0 v) = 2 m 0 v.
, , : N = 1/6 n D Sv D t.
D P = N ×D P 1 =2 m 0 v n D S v D t= m0 v 2 n D S D t,
n . , , :
= = n m 0 v 2. (1.9)
: v 1, v 2, , vn, . , , :
.
(1.9) :
(1.10)
(1.10) - .
, , :
V = N = , (1.11)
. , .
m = m, - :
p V m . = R T,
(1.11) , p V m . = má v ñ 2 , :
RT = má v ñ 2.
á v ñ = = = ,
k = R / NA = 1,38×10-23 / . 480 /, 1900 /.
-
. - (1.14) - p V = n R T.
, e0 (n = N / NA, k = R / NA):
.
- : , . , : = 0 . , , .
. - : , .
: . , , , .
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(i) , .
, , : , z. , .
5 (. 1.4): 3 2 .
6 : 3 3 (. 1.5).
, .
- . , , . , . , . , , :
. (1.12)
i , :
. (1.13)
, , áeñ :
. (1.14)
, .
( ). .
.
, , , , . , . .
,
f (v) , v v + dv. , :
. (1.15)
. 1.6. , , . , f (v) :
.
, f (v) , vB.
v = 0 v = ¥ (1.15). , (1.23) :
= = 1,41
(.1.6), , , . , , . .
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.
= 1,73 .
, .
. , (1.15) :
.
, :
.
. . - , , . . , , , :
. (1.16)
(1.16) . , , . h1 , , :
.
, = nkT:
,
n h, m 0 gh = . , . , . 1.7.
,