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Text a: fundamentaus of transport phenomena




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to yield - ,

accurate -

discrete - ,

particle -

to be advantageous -

rather than -

in terms of - ,

stress -

strain - specification - ordered set of three quantities -

3-

magnitude - to constitute -


 

 


1. :

1. How does the author explain the difference between lagrangian and eulerian method of analysis?

- The eulerian method is used primarily here, but whenever results are easier to obtain by the lagrangian method, we shall use the latter.

 

2. What examples of fields are given in this text?

thermal field

an electrical field

a fluid

An acoustic field

gravitational field

magnetic field

 

3. What definitions of such quantities as "scalar", "vector" and "tensor" are given in this text?

"scalar" - only the specification of magnitude for a complete description.

Vector - vector possesses both magnitude and direction.

"tensor" - A tensor is an ordered set of n quantities

 

1. to involve .

1. ; ; , , . 2. ; ; .. 3. ; , . 4. -. 5. .

TEXT

1. We can study transport phenomena from two viewpoints, lagrangian or eulerian, and it is important to adopt the one which will yield accurate answers to our physical problems in the most straightforward manner.

2. In elementary solid mechanics the lagrangian method of analysis is used. It describes the behavior of discrete particles, or point masses, as they move in space. Fundamental laws, such as Newton's second law, apply directly to the discrete masses under consideration. The same viewpoint can also be used to study transport phenomena, but consider the complexity of describing the behavior of a particle of fluid as it flows through a region in space. Not only is it difficult to follow, but its shape may change continuously. Therefore, it is more advantageous to describe what happens at a fixed point or in a fixed region in space. This method, the eulerian method, allows us to observe phenomena at points of interest rather than trying to follow a particle throughout a region in space, e.g., the temperature at the nose of a rocket, the pressure at an elbow in a water main, the velocity at the tip of a compressor blade. The eulerian method is used primarily here, but whenever results are easier to obtain by the lagrangian method, we shall use the latter.

FIELDS

3. A field is a region where things happen - observable things. We describe a thermal field in terms of temperatures at various locations, an electrical field by point potentials, and a fluid field by velocities at different points. An acoustic field produced, say, by a band playing music may cause interactions in the form of dancing. We are a product of our environment, interacting with fields about us.

4. It is possible, that several fields coexist in any given region. An airliner responds to the thrust of its jets (force field), required to overcome the effects of its gravitational field, while perturbing the ocean of air (aerodynamic field) through which it moves, at the same time being affected very slightly by the polar magnetic field. Interacting fluid, electric, magnetic, and thermal fields influence plasmas. While it is important to be able to predict phenomena resulting from interactions, it is necessary to segregate fields in order to understand their behavior.

5. In studying fields we encounter three types of quantities: scalars, vectors, and tensors. A tensor is an ordered set of n quantities, say (Mb M2,..., Mn). A second- order tensor involves nine components and arises in fields in such quantities as stress and strain. The components are represented by scalars, which require only the specification of magnitude for a complete description.

6. Many other physical phenomena, e.g., force, velocity, and acceleration, occur in ordered sets of three quantities. These phenomena can be represented by a first order tensor, commonly called a vector. A vector is designated mathematically as V = V (x,y,z,t) as in case of velocity, or by the use of three scalar components each of which represents its magnitude in one of three orthogonal directions:

Vx = fi(x,y,z,t) Vy = f2(x,y,z,t) Vz = f3(x,y,z,t)

Thus a vector possesses both magnitude and direction. Such quantities as temperature,

concentration, volume, mass, and energy are scalars. Scalars are zero-order tensors.

7. A continuous distribution of these quantities - scalars, vectors, and tensors - described in terms of space coordinates and time constitutes a field.

TEXT

1. , , , .

2. . , . , , . , , . , . , , . , , , , , . , , , .

3. , - . , , . , , , . , .

4. , . ( ), , , ( ), . , , . , , , .

5. : , . n , ( M2,..., Mn). , , . , , .

6. , , , , . , . , V = V (, , z), , , :

Vx = (, , , ); Vy = 2 (, , , ); Vz = f3 (, , , ).

, . , , , , . .

7. - , - .





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