92−103. , n .
n | (n) | n | (n) | ||||
Ni | Ni(OH)2 | 1,610−16 | Co | Co(OH)2 | 1,610−15 | ||
Zn | Zn(OH)2 | 1,410−17 | Pb | PbSO4 | 1,610−8 | ||
Cu | CuCO3 | 2,510−10 | Cd | Cd(CN)2 | 1,110−8 | ||
Sn | Sn(OH)2 | 6,310−27 | Cu | Cu(OH)2 | 8,310−20 | ||
Fe | Fe(OH)3 | 6,310−38 | Ag | Ag2SO4 | 1,610−5 | ||
Pb | PbCl2 | 1,610−5 | Cr | Cr(OH)3 | 6,310−31 |
104−113. ( ) - . D rG 0298 .
φ0/, B | ||
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2ē D Mn2+ + 2H2O MnO4¯ + 4H+ + 3ē D MnO2 + 2H2O | + 1,228 + 1,692 | |
ClO3¯ + 3H2O + 6ē D Cl¯ + 6OH¯ MnO42− + 4H2 + 4ē D Mn2+ + 8O¯ | + 0,630 + 0,710 | |
NO2¯ + 5H2 + 6ē D NH3 + 7O¯ [Al(OH)4]¯ + 3ē D Al + 4OH¯ | + 0,153 − 2,236 | |
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2ē D Mn2+ + 2H2O NO3¯ + 10H+ + 8ē D NH4+ + 32 | + 1,228 + 0,870 | |
Cl2 + 2ē → 2Cl¯ 2ClO3¯ + 12H+ + 10ē → Cl2 + 62 | + 1,359 + 1,471 | |
Cr2O72¯ + 14H+ + 6ē D 2Cr3+ + 7H2O H2O2 + 2H+ + 2ē D 22 | +1,331 + 1,770 | |
2ClO¯ + 2H2O + 2ē D Cl2 + 4OH¯ BrO3¯ + 22 + 4ē D BrO¯ + 4OH¯ | + 0,405 + 0,540 | |
2NO2¯ + 4H2O + 6ē D N2 + 8OH¯ MnO42¯ + 2H2O + 2ē D MnO2 + 4OH¯ | + 0,411 + 0,579 | |
NO3¯ + H2O + ē D N2 + 2OH¯ PbO + H2O + 2ē D Pb↓ + 2OH¯ | − 0,859 − 0,579 | |
S + 2+ + 2 D 2S SO32- + 6+ + 6 D S + 3H2O | + 0,140 + 0,450 |
114−123. - , , . , φ0/ (1) φ0/ (2) .
φ0/ (1), B | φ0/ (2), B | ||
103+ + Br2 + 6H2O D 102+ + 2BrO3¯ + 12H+ | + 1,950 | + 1,522 | |
Zn2+ + H2 + 2OH¯ D Zn + 22 | − 0,760 | − 0,831 | |
PbO2 + 2Cl¯+ 4H+ D Pb2+ + Cl2 + 22 | + 1,360 | +1,461 | |
2NO2¯ + 2I¯ + 4H+ D 2NO + I2 + 2H2O | + 1,002 | + 0,540 | |
2MnO4¯ + 5H2S + 6H+ D 2Mn2+ + 5S + 82 | + 1,518 | + 0,171 | |
Cr2O72¯ + 3SO2 + 2H+ D 2Cr3+ + 3SO42− + H2O | + 1,332 | + 0,170 | |
3Cl2 + I− + 3H2O D 6Cl− + IO3− + 6H+ | + 1,358 | + 1,090 | |
2HNO2 + 2Br− + 2H+ D Br2 + 2NO + 2H2O | + 0,981 | + 1,087 | |
2MnO4− + 5HNO2 + H+ D 2Mn2+ + 5NO3− + 3H2O | + 0,940 | + 1,510 | |
2IO3− + 5MnO2 + 8OH− D 5MnO42− + I2 + 4H2O | + 0,211 | + 0,580 |
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124−135. , . , .
(−) Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+) | (−) Fe | Fe2+ || Pb2+ | Pb (+) | ||
(−) Pt, H2| H+ || Sn2+, Sn4+| Pt (+) | (−) Pt, H2| H+ || Co2+, Co3+| Pt (+) | ||
(−) Al | Al3+ || Cu2+ | Cu (+) | (−) Cd | Cd2+ || Sn2+ | Sn (+) | ||
(−) Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+) | (−) Mg | Mg2+ || Fe2+ | Fe (+) | ||
(−) Pt, H2| H+ || Fe2+, Fe3+| Pt (+) | (−) Mn | Mn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+) | ||
(−) Ni | NI2+ || Cu2+ | Cu (+) | (−) Pt, H2| H+ || Cr2+, Cr3+| Pt (+) |
136−145. 1 2. . , . Δ rG 0298 .
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Cu2+ | Cu | Fe2+ | Fe | Ni2+ | Ni | Au3+ | Au | ||
Zn2+ | Zn | Pb2+ | Pb | Mg2+ | Mg | Cu2+ | Cu | ||
Ag+ | Ag | Cd2+ | Cd | Fe2+ | Fe | Zn2+ | Zn | ||
Mn2+ | Mn | Cu2+ | Cu | Sn2+ | Sn | Ag+ | Ag | ||
Co2+ | Co | Sn2+ | Sn | Ni2+ | Ni | Pb2+ | Pb |
146−155. . ( ..) τ I β.
τ, | I, A | β, % | τ, | I, A | β, % | ||||
CuSO4 | 2,1 | AlCl3 | 4,2 | ||||||
NaCl | 0,8 | AgNO3 | 8,5 | ||||||
Pb(NO3)2 | 3,6 | MgBr2 | 1,6 | ||||||
KOH | 1,8 | HgCl2 | 2,5 | ||||||
SnSO4 | 6,3 | K2S | 3,7 |
156−165. . , I β .. ?
I, A | V, | β, % | I, A | V, | β, % | ||||
HgCl2 | 2,4 | AgNO3 | 0,8 | ||||||
Cu(NO3)2 | 1,8 | SnCl2 | 3,4 | ||||||
KI | 0,6 | PbF2 | 2,8 | ||||||
SnSO4 | 3,7 | CuSO4 | 1,7 | ||||||
Na2S | 4,0 | NaBr | 4,2 |
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166−175. 1 2 . . .. , , m .
1 | 2 | m, | 1 | 2 | m, | ||||
AgNO3 | H2SO4 | 2 | 5,6 | NiSO4 | HCl | 2 | 8,2 | ||
CuCl2 | K2S | 2 | 4,8 | Co(NO3)2 | NaOH | 2 | 2,9 | ||
SnSO4 | NaCl | l2 | 1,4 | AuCl3 | KI | 2 | 7,1 | ||
Pb(CH3COO)2 | MgCl2 | l2 | 3,5 | CuSO4 | AlCl3 | l2 | 9,3 | ||
HgCl2 | Ca(NO3)2 | 2 | 6,7 | AgF | MgSO4 | 2 | 10,4 |
176−185. , , m, I, τ β. .
m, | I, A | τ, | β, % | m, | I, A | τ, | β, % | ||
16,1 | 105,0 | ||||||||
7,3 | 61,1 | ||||||||
67,6 | 63,7 | ||||||||
128,2 | 170,5 | ||||||||
89,1 | 78,6 |