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ii i , ii i (), i . I i, i - .
i i i i, i i . i , ii i, i i i , i i :
| .i. pitár | - | fádar | |
| .i. matá(r) | - .. | módar |
i - i , i .
. 'andhafts - and'hafjan
ii i i . i i i i i, ii i i i.
i i i . i i ii i, , ii i; i i i i i i , i i . i i, , i i, ii i i i i .
The most typical features of the PG (Protogermanic) vowel system are strict differentiation of short and long vowel phonemes and a tendency to positional assimilative changes.
ii i-i i , , u, i, .
i i i i (ə) Schwa primum. i i i, ii i, (). Schwa secundum
ii i i i .
i i :
| ĭ | ŭ | |||
| ě | ||||
| ă |
Ii i i i i i i :
| i.. ă | II | . ă |
| . ager | . akrs, . ackar | |
| . canō i | .. hana, . hano | |
| i.. ŏ | II | . ă |
| . hostis | . gasts, . gast | |
| . hortus | . gards, . gart |
Ii ĭ, ĕ, ŭ iii i, . i i (j), u, +, i i (Common Germanic Fracture/ Breaking - ). :
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| i.. ŭ | II | . ŭ, ŏ |
| .i. sūnú | . sunus, .., . sunu | |
| . jugum | . joch, ..b(<*b) | |
| i.. ĭ | II | . ĭ, ě |
| . piscis | . fisks, .., . fisc | |
| . piper | . pfeffer | |
| . vir i | . wair | |
| i.. ě | II | . ě, ĭ |
| . edere | . ezzan, .. etan, . itan | |
| . ventus i | .. wind, . wint () |
In Germanic languages the vowels displayed a tendency to powsitional assimilative changes. The quality of a stressed vowel in some cases depended on the following sound. The earliest manifistation of this principle has been termed fracture or breaking. Tracture concernsw two vowels: e & u and the pair u & o.
| I.E e> Germ. i . ventus - .. wind, . wint wind .medius - .. middle middle BUT I.E e= Germ. e .edere - .. etan to eat | e + i/j or nasal+consonant |
| I.E u> Germ. o Celt. hurnan - OE horn horn BUT I.E u= Germ. u Skr sunus - OE sunu son | u + u or nasal+consonant |
: , .. . e, i > . i, . o, u > . u
i :
| ī | ū | |||
| ē | ō |
| i.. ā | II | . ō |
| . māter | .. mōdor .mōdor, . muoter (ō>uo) | |
| . frāter | . brōþar, .. broðor, . bruoder (ō>uo) | |
| i.. ō | II | . ō |
| . flōs i | . blōma, .. blōma, . blōmo | |
| . | . flōdus, .. flōd, . fluot | |
| i..ī | II | . ī |
| . svīnus | . swein [svi:n], .., ... swîn | |
| i.. ū | II | . ū |
| . mūs | ., . mūs |
i .. ē, i . c i i, ē. i i i i, , c ā. ii i i i c, i: .. *dhē - .. dad, . tāt, dæd, ded, .. ded - i, .
i i- . (Common Germanic Vowel Shift - ).
| The Germanic Vowel Shift | |
| IE | Germ |
| a o | a |
| ā ō | ō |
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ϳ - ā. (Short o and long ā appeared from different sources later). , [o] au r,h ( a) - . haurn , hauhs . ā ē ( .. * dhē - . tāt), h :
. þankja - .þāhta
(. - gradation) (i , .i) - , , . ֳ .
ē - ō (. -; .tegō - toga ).
ʳ i, i -, -, -ō, -ē. i i (ē, ō) i , , i, (. es-t , s-unt - ., 3 ; sedeo - sēdi i ).
i i i. i i . , ii i i ( - , - i). i (i) .
i ii ii, , i . i , i.
i i , i ii. i i ii (. i i i), i i ii ii .
.. e - o || . e - a (. i - a) . . bera () - barn ()
e - o || e - o
. . - - - ( . )
bindan - band - bundum - bundans
.. - || . a - o (. - .) ( . . .)
. faran - for - forum - farans
i . i: . belūfan i lāf , forlēosan i lēas , ., . beran , i . bcr , . barn , . faran - fōr i .
(i. Umlaut, . mutation) - ii, i i , i.
i i, j. i ii ā >ē, a>e; ō> ē (c>ø), o> (æ, ø); ū>d, u>y.
V-VI . ( i i iii (IV .) ).
i i i/j i i, i i. i i , i i . i j. .:
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| harjis | - here | i |
| dails | - dæl | |
| sandjan | - sendan | |
| dōmjan | - dcman |
