, . , :
= ;
= ,
.
, , , . , , . .
, , . . . , .
| (11.11 1839=28. IV 1903). -, ( 1879). 11 -. (1858; , 1863). 1863=1866 . (1866=1867), (1867) (1868) . 1871 . . | 
|
(1873) . (1875=1878) , (1875) . (1875=1878) , , . (1878) ( ). ; . (1902) . , .
( 1880), .
- . , . , , :
G = -TS.
, , - .
|
|
|
- .
, , , :
DG = G - G
DG, . .
:
D G = ∑v D G (Y) - ∑v D G (X),
D G (Y), D G (X) -
Y X.
v . v - .
, , D DS :
DG = D - TDS,
D - ,
= const ;
TDS - , , ;
DG - , , , = const.
- , , = const, .
: , (DG < DG DG < 0).
, (DG < 0) (D < 0) , (DSp > 0). (D > 0), (DSp < 0), , DG > 0.
(DG < 0), ; . , . 1, . , , .
. 1.
|
|
|
,
(, = const)
DGp < 0 .
, () :
+ O2 
2
, 
= -393,5 /. 298 , , ( , ).
, (. 2), (DGp > 0), .
. 2.
(, = const)
, :
62 + 62 
C6H12O6 + 62= DGp = 2870 /.
.
, = const
| ||
| ||
|
= 0
5.
. () , ( . (~ 40 %) ():
, ( ), () () . , Ζ - .
, :
+ 2 + , DG = -30,5 /;
+ 2 = 
= -30,5 /;
+ 22 + 2, = -61,0 /.
( ) . , , (DG > 0), ( ), , . (∑∆G < 0). , -, .
, , : ( ), ( ), ( ) ( , ).
(DGp > 0), , (DGp < 0). , - (Σ∆G.- 
0).
|
|
|
, :
+ → + 2, = 20,9 /
, -1-, , ∑DG < 0:
+ + → + + ,
= -29,2 /.
, . , , 3- -43,1, -49,4 -61,9 /. , .
, , , , . .
6. .
, 
= 
. . , (. 3, ). (Δ 
< 0), (∆ 
< 0).
, , .
. 3.
(, = const)
:
= ( = );
= ( = min);
= : , , [(Δ 
= ) (Δ 
= 0) (Δ 
= 0) (ΔG =0)]
, , , . , , .
, , , , (. 4). , (G G (| ΔGp | < 10 /).
.
|
|
|
. , . , , . .
. . (1946)*.
. 4.
(, = const)
(ΔS / Δτ → min).
, , : .
, , , , , .
(!) , .
. , , , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , 2, . : - ,* - - ,** , .
, , , , . , () . , - : -, -, -, -, -. "" "" .
, :
= = ;
= , Δ G < 0;
= , D G > 0;
= ∆ 
= 0 , = min;
= D S / Δτ → min, S + I = const Δ I /Δτ → max ( ). , .
|
|
|
, , ,* ** , , , () .
1
1. 1 C2H2 58,0 . () ?
2. ∆H T∆S ?
2
1. 1 (III) .
2. , :
) CO2() 
CO2()
) 2NH3() N2() + 3H2()
) 2H2S() + 3O2() = 2SO2() + 2H2O()
) 2CH3OH() + 3O2() = 2CO2() + 4H2O()
3
1. ,
CaO + CO2 = CaCO3.
2. KCl , CO2 ?
4
- :
) ∆H = 0 ) ∆G < 0 ) = const ) ∆G = 0
- (I), :
C + 2N2O CO2 + 2N2, ∆H = -556,9 ;
C + O2 CO2, ∆H = -393,7 .
5
- , ∆H >> T∆S?
) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0 ) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0
) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0 ) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0
.
- ?
6
- , .
- ,
CuO() + C() Cu() + CO()
7
- , :
H2() + 1/2 O2() = H2O(), ∆H0 = -285,8 ;
C() + O2() = CO2(), ∆H0 = -393,7 ;
CH3OH() + 3/2 O2() = CO2() + 2 H2O() ∆H0 = -715,0 .
- ?
8
- C8H18 199,28 /. 1 .
( ).
- , ?
9
- 3.
- ∆G ?
?
10
1. ,
NaOH() + HCl() = NaCl() + H2O()
352,9 ?
2. ,
2 SO2() + O2() 2 SO3().
11
- ,
Al2(SO4)3() = Al2O3() + 3SO3()
- .
- , DS,
2C() + H2() = C2H2().
12
- ∆H, ∆S ∆G
AB() + B2() AB3(),
298 .
∆G ?
2() + () = 2() (1)
2() + 1/22() = 2() (2)
2() + () = 2() (3)
:
) 
< 
< 
) > >
13
- :
) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0; ) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0 ) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0
?
.
- CuO MgO SO3 ?
∆G .
14
- 20 C2H2 ?
- ∆H < 0 ∆S < 0, :
) ∆H > T ∆S ) ∆H < T ∆S
() ?
15
- (III):
As2O3 + O2 = As2O5 (∆H0 = 271 ),
3As2O3 + 2O3 = 3As2O5 (∆H0 = 1096 ),
.
) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0 ) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0
?
.
1. , , .
1) ,
2) ,
3)
2. .
1) ,
2) ,
3) ,
3. , .
1) Δ = 0 2) Δ < 0 3) Δ > 0 4)
4. .
1) + = , Δ > 0
2) + + Q =
3) + = , Δ < 0
4) + = Q
5. , 0,5 (IV)
2 () = () + 2 () 393,4 ,
.
1) 98,35 2) 196,7 3) 786,8 4) 8,96
6. () .
1)
2) , 1
3)
4) , 1
7. (IV) .
1) u2S () + 2 () = 2u () + S2 ()
2) S () + 2 () = S2 ()
3) 2S3 () = 2 () + S2 ()
4) S () + 2 () = S2 ()
8. " " .
1) 1 2)
3) 1 4) 100
9. .
1) 3 () 2) S2 () 3) 2 () 4) ()
10.
l23 + 3S3 = l2(S4)3
.
1) Δ0 = Δ0298, l2(S4)3 + Δ0298, l23 + 3Δ0298, S3
2) Δ0 = Δ0298, l23 + 3Δ0298, S3 Δ0298, l2(S4)3
3) Δ0 = Δ0298, l2(S4)3 Δ0298, l23 Δ0298, S3
4) Δ0 = Δ0298, l2(S4)3 Δ0298, l23 3Δ0298, S3
11.
4N3 () + 32 () = 2N2 () + 62 ()
(Δ0298, /: 46,2 0 0 286)
.
1) 1531,2 2) 239,8 3) 1669,8 4) 1900,8
12. .
1)
2)
3)
4)
13. → 0 .
1) ∞ 2) 0 3) + ∞ 4) 273
14. .
1) I2 () = I2 () 2) S3 () + 2 () = 2S4 ()
3) 2 () = 2 () 4) N2 () + 2 () = 2N ()
15. .
1) 2 () → 2 () → 2 ()
2) 2 () → 2 () → 2 ()
3) I2 () → I2 () → I2 ()
4) 2 () → 2 () → 2 ()
16.
4F () + 32 () = 2F23 ();
2 () + l2 () = 2l ()
.
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ;
17. (- ) .
1) G = + S 2) G = S +
3) G = S 4) G = S
