(V = const). () , V , (. 81), 1 2 , 1 3 . , . .
dA=pdV = 0.
(dQ=dU +dA) , , , :
dQ =dU
(53.4), dUm = CvdT.
(= const). () , V , V
. (. (52.2)) V 1 V 2
. (42.5) ,
(54.2)
R: T2-T1=1, 1 R=, . . R 1 1 .
( (53.4))
, (54.3).
(T =const). 41, :
pV= const.
() , V (. .60), , , . (52.2) (42.5) :
T =const :
T =const :
(dQ = dU+dA) ,
dQ=dA,
. . , , :
, (dQ=0) . -
. , , , .
(dQ=dU+dA) ,
dA=-dU, (55.1)
. . .
(52.1) (53.4), (55.1)
pV=(m/M)RT,
(55.2) (55.3) :
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, /v =g (. (53.8)),
dp/p=-gdV/V.
1 2 V 1 V 2, ,
p 2 /p l=(V1/V2)g.
p 1vg1 = p 2vg2.
1 2 ,
Vg= const. , V , (55.4)
:
(55.4) (55.6) . (. (53.8) (53.2))
( ).
, (pVg=const) , (pV =const). , 1 3 , , .
, . (55.2)
V 1 V 2, T 1 T 2
, (55.5), (55.8)
, , .
, , .
13 .
: , .
: , , .
:
1) : , , , ;
2) : , .
( ) . , , , , . ( , ) , .
́ ́ (. Perpetuum Mobile) , , , ( 100 %).
, . , . .
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, , , , . .