, 20- . XIX XX , , , . , ( , , ), , . 1908 . . , , , , .
. (A. Binet). , 1905 ., . , . . (F. Gallon) . (/ Cattell) 1890 . (mental test). (power of discrimination), .
. . (W. Stern), IQ. , , . . . (L. ). (-), .
XX . , . , , . , . (. Thorndike), . (R. Goddard), . (P. Yerkes) . (L. ). , ( ) .
, 20- . XX . SAT, . , 40- . XX ., , .
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1904 . . (.Spearman) . , . . , , - . .. (1920), , . , , , . 30 40- . XX . , .
40- . XX . . , . , , , , .
40- . XX . 1947 . Educational Testing Service (ETS). . , ETS, TOEFL, .
. 60- . XX . , . , , , , . . - , Item Response Theory (IRT), .
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IRT, , , , 80- . XX . IRT, . IRT . IRT, , , , . , , . , - , , . - ( , ), , , .