, [+] [ˉ] , :
= 2_
.
, . . , . , .
N + 2 → HCN + KOH
= [HCN] []
[KCN]
10 . KCN, HCN 10 . 100 , 10 . , , . . , , , .. . HCN ,
KCN . , .
. , . , .
. ( , ) ( , ) .
, . . ,
Na2CO3 + H2O = NaHCO3 + NaOH
2ˉ3 + H2O = HCOˉ3 + ˉ
NaHCO3 + H2O = 23 + NaOH
HCOˉ3 + H2O = 23 + ˉ
ˉ3, , , . ,1 , ,2 . :
,1 = 2
2, .
,2 = 2
1, .
, , ,1> ,2
, . , , ( ˉ ), , . . .
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, . , (II) :
uCl 2 + 2 →CuOHCl + HC1
Cu2+ + H2O → u+ + +
:
CuOHCl + 2 → u()2 + HCl
u+ + 2 → u()2 + +
, . , . . . , -
Al (3)3 + 2 = 1() (3)2 + 3
1() (3)2 + 2= 1()2(3) + 3
. - :
13+ + 2 → lO2+ + +
H3Oˉ+ 2 → 3 + ˉ
, +, ˉ. ; , . . , .
, , , . , , .
, , , , , , . . . , , 113
2113 + 3N2 + 32 = 21()3↓ + 3CO2↑ + 6NaCl
2A13+ + 3O2ˉ3 + 3H2O = 2A1(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
, . , ˉ3 ˉ
ˉ3 + 2 → 23 + ˉ
ˉ3, +:
ˉ3 → O2ˉ3 + +
, ( ), ( ). . - , . (, NS3) .
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- : . , :
NH+4 + 2 → H3O+ + NH3